Crime

Question 1

define deviance

Answer 1

anything breaking the social norm and values may or may not break laws

Question 2

define crime

Answer 2

anything breaking the law

Question 3

define conformity

Answer 3

adjusting yourself to fit the social the social norms and values

Question 4

define social control

Answer 4

ways in which people are encouraged to conform e.g. police

Question 5

relative deprivation

Answer 5

Left realists Lea and Young
media leads to relative deprivation which can lead to crime e.g. theft

Question 6

commodification of crime

Answer 6

Fenwick and Hayward
crime as a package to be consumed
e.g. rap music promoting violence

Question 7

Views of media violence

Answer 7

Schramm
for most children, most television is probably neither harmful nor particularly harmful
Livingstone
preoccupied for the effect of the media because we wish to regard childhood as a time of innocence

Question 8

Key study of Bandura

Answer 8

age 3-5 test subjects
older men beating blow up doll
saw what the child did after this when left alone with doll

Question 9

fear of crime and media

Answer 9

Gerbner
heavy users of TV had higher levels of fear of crime
Schlesinger and tumbler
there is a correlation

Question 10

Cohen Mods and Rockers

Answer 10

press exaggerated the cases of damage and violence
press coverage triggered a reaction police attracted drama
dressed in suit interviewed magistrates
dressed in jeans talked to kids
content analysis

Question 11

Cohen causes

Answer 11

argues that moral panics often occurs at times of social change
rapid change in Britain and youths gaining power
moral panic as a result of boundary crisis - between acceptable and unacceptable

Question 12

Durkheim and anomie

Answer 12

modern societies = tendency towards anomie- the rules governing behaviour become weaker and less clear-cut
modern society= complex division of labour= diverse people
collective conscience is weakened
higher levels of crime

Question 13

Durkheim boundary maintenance

Answer 13

crime= a reaction from society
uniting members in condemnation of their wrongdoers
reinforces commitment to their shared norms and values

Question 14

David

Answer 14

crime as a safety valve e.g. prostitution releases men’s sexual frustration without threatening the nuclear family

Question 15

Cohen status frustration

Answer 15

blocked opportunities
status frustration
subvert norms to gain status
w/c delinquency subcultures

Question 16

evaluations of Cohen social action theory

Answer 16

ignores individuals
gender blind
not explain why not all boys join gangs

Question 17

Cloward and Ohlin

Answer 17

illegitimate opportunity
structures can be blocked (where you live / access to gains
3 types : criminal e.g. mafia
conflict e.g. youth gangs
retreatists e.g. drug use

Question 18

Miller

Answer 18

street corner groups
6 values socialised into “focal concerns”
deviant behaviour

Question 19

Becker

Answer 19

social groups create deviance= made rules whose infrastructure constitutes deviance + particular people and labelling them as outsiders

Question 20

Becker key terms

Answer 20

a deviant= someone whom the label has been successfully applied
deviant behaviour= behaviour that people so label
moral entrepreneurs= people who led a moral crusade to change the law

Question 21

effects of the new laws

Answer 21

1) the creation of a new group of outsiders
2) the creation or expansion of a social control agency to enforce the law and impose labels on offenders

Question 22

Platt

Answer 22

the terms “juvenile delinquency” was created after a campaign by an upper class Victorian
led to the state extending its power to status offences e.g. truancy

Question 23

Cicourel

Answer 23

officers decisions to arrest are often influenced by stereotypes about offenders
justice is not fixed by negotiable e.g. m/c youth was arrested- less likely to be charged- background doesn’t fit delinquency
implication for the use of official statistics

Question 24

Lemert

Answer 24

primary deviance= deviant acts that have not been publicly labelled
secondary deviance is the result of societal reaction
being caught+ publicly labelled = excluded from society
it controls their identity= master status= SFP= deviant career

Question 25

Wilkins

Answer 25

deviance amplification increased deviance -> isolation -labelling-> increased social reaction -> secondary deviance -> social reaction

Question 26

evaluation of Wilkins

Answer 26

Downes + Young cannot predict whether someone who has been labelled will follow a criminal career because they are free to choose not to deviate future

Question 27

Snider

Answer 27

e.g. not regulating oil industries cap. state is reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of businesses or threaten the profitability -> police target powerless ones like EM

Question 28

Gordon

Answer 28

crime is a rational response to capitalism hence it is found in all social classes- even though the official statistics make it appear to be a largely w/c ephemeron

Question 29

how do right realists see crime

Answer 29

See crime as undermining social cohesion and a growing problem that destroys communities.​

Question 30

right realist biological differences

Answer 30

Wilson et al differences between people make some people more strongly predisposed e.g. Personality traits such as aggressiveness, risk taking.​ Hernstein et al argue main cause is low intelligence.​

Question 31

right realists inadequate socialisation of the underclass

Answer 31

Effective socialisation decreases the risk of offending since it involves learning self-control, learning morals Murray= crime is increasing as underclass is increasing due to welfare state, dependency culture etc.

Question 32

right realists rational choice theory

Answer 32

Individuals have free choice and the power to reason.​ Clarke= decision to commit crime- choice based on rational thinking of consequences.​ If rewards outweigh the costs = crime since costs are low and are less likely to be caught crime increased

Question 33

Broken window theory

Answer 33

Wilson and Kelling maintain the orderly character of neighbourhoods to prevent crime taking hold e.g. vandalism, graffiti etc should be dealt with immediately.​ they are more likely to think they can get away with it if the area is unclean e.g. broken windows= suggests lack of policing

Question 34

right realist solutions

Answer 34

Advocate zero tolerance towards undesirable behaviour e.g. prostitution, drunkenness.​ Crime prevention policies should reduce the rewards and increase the costs of crime e.g. greater use of prisons.​

Question 35

evaluation of right realists

Answer 35

Preoccupied with petty street crime and ignores corporate crime.​ Advocating a zero tolerance policy gives police free rein to discriminate against ethnic minorities, youth, homeless etc. ​ Over-emphasis on control of disorder rather than tackling underlying causes of neighbourhood decline such as lack of investment.​

Question 36

how do left realists see crime

Answer 36

They argue that victims are important and working class crime is a problem. However, they reject the idea by the right realists that there is a moral decay.​

Question 37

left realists relative deprivation

Answer 37

Lea and Young= crime roots in deprivation but not directly responsible for crime e.g. poverty was rife in 1930s yet crime rates were low Young (1999) argued the “lethal combination is RD and individualism”. Individualism weakens informal social control. ​

Question 38

Left realists subcultures

Answer 38

LR see subcultures as a collective response Some may turn to crime to close the deprivation gap Young (2002) argued American gangs in ghettos has accepted societies goals (“Gucci, BMW, Nikes”) however, opportunities to achieve these legally are blocked and so we resort to street crime.

Question 39

left realists marginalisation

Answer 39

Marginalised groups lack clear goals and organisations to represent their interests (e.g. to help them get better pay and conditions).​ They feel powerless and this can lead to frustration and crime. ​

Question 40

left realist solution= improved policing

Answer 40

Kinsey, Lea and Young (1986) public must be more involved with police priorities and style of policing Police losing support->less public info->more stop and searches (especially in inner cities)->alienation of some groups.​

Question 41

Left realists solution= tackling structural problems

Answer 41

Young suggests we need to tackle discrimination, provide decent jobs, improve housing etc.​ Influenced New Labour​ e.g. Firmer approach to policing hate crimes, sexual assault, domestic violence (to protect vulnerable groups)​

Question 42

similarities between left and right realism

Answer 42

Both argue crime has real tangible problems and that these can be tackled​ Fear of crime is rational and is a natural reaction to social issues in society.

Question 43

differences of left and right realism

Answer 43

Right realists argue that there has been a moral decay and that causes crime​ Left realists argue that crime is caused be unequal societies and that gradual change will fix this​ Right Realists priorities social order, achieved through a tough stance against offenders.​ Left Realists priorities justice, achieved through democratic policing and reforms to create greater equality.​

Question 44

evidence of institutional racism

Answer 44

Mark Daly= the secret police MacPherson report the murder of Stephen Lawrence operation swamp

Question 45

interactionists and ethnicity in crime

Answer 45

racial stereotypes= labelling= SFP= master status= deviant career= social construction of crime statistics

Question 46

Neo Marxist view

Answer 46

statistics do not reflect reality outcome of social construction that stereotype ethnic minorities Gilroy= black criminality is a myth racial stereotypes= EM appear greater in OFS

Question 47

Policing the crisis

Answer 47

Hall et al saw moral panic over black muggers= 1970 at the time the country having eco. crisis no evidence to suggest a rise in crime muggers as a scapegoat for problems of capitalism also caused black youth marginalised and pushed them into petty crimes

Question 48

evaluation of neo-marxists

Answer 48

LR= concerns over muggers is realistic not panicky hall does not show how capitalist crisis led to panic criticise gilroy= realists argue OFS reflect reality

Question 49

Lea and Young disagree with neo marxists

Answer 49

Argue that although police do act in racist ways, discriminatory policing does not fully explain the differences in statistics E.g. they argue that some groups are discriminated against but do not commit as much crime as black people e.g. Asian groups.​

Question 50

Palmer and EM

Answer 50

emphasis on consumerism promotes relative deprivation= setting materialistic goals that many members of minority groups are unable to reach by legitimate means due to low paid work.​ according to palmer=EM twice as likely to be unemployed and three times as likely to be homeless​

Question 51

The chivalry thesis

Answer 51

Pollak =“Men hate to accuse women and thus send them to their punishment, police officers dislike to arrest them.." Flood-Page (2000) found only 1/11 female self-reported offenders have been cautioned or prosecuted but the figure for men was over 1/7.

Question 52

against chivalry thesis

Answer 52

Farrington & Morris (1983) study of sentencing of 408 offences of theft found that women were not sentenced more leniently.​

Question 53

Double deviance

Answer 53

​Carlen (1997) argues when women are jailed, it is less for seriousness of their crimes and more according to the court’s assessment of them as wives, mother and daughters.​ Carlen found that Scottish judges were much more likely to jail women whose children were in care than women who they saw as good mothers.​

Question 54

Heidensohn support of double deviance

Answer 54

courts treat females more harshly than males when they deviate from gender norms:​Double standards exist e.g. courts punish girls but not boys for premature or promiscuous sexual activity. ​ ‘Wayward’ girls can end up in care without having committed an offence.​ Women who do not conform to accepted standards are punished more harshly. ​

Question 55

what did Gordon say about crime in capitalism

Answer 55

dog-eat-dog society crime as a rational reaction to capitalism which is why it is found in all social classes despite what OFS suggest

Question 56

Reiman and selective law enforcement

Answer 56

the ruling class are more likely to commit crime but less likely to have the offence treated like the criminal one e.g. tax evasion vs social security frauds

Question 57

Pearce and the ideological functions of crime

Answer 57

laws are occasionally passed which on the surface looks like they benefit from the w/c but only benefit the m/c in reality through loop holes + lack of prosecution e.g. 2007 corporate homicide law- in first 8 years only one succeeded

Question 58

fully social theory

Answer 58

a comprehensive understanding of crime and deviance for the betterment of society= Taylor, Walton and Young

Question 59

Schwendinger

Answer 59

argue we should define crime in terms of human rights violations rather than breaking the laws crime as transgressive and in terms of zemiology

Question 60

Adorno

Answer 60

willingness to obey orders and authoritarian personalities (raised to obey the hierarchy) e.g. WW2 often thought people carry out torture are psychopaths however research shows little psychological difference between them and normal people

Question 61

an example of crimes of obedience

Answer 61

My Lai Massacre in Vietnam- supported by Milgram

Question 62

Bauman and modernity

Answer 62

key features of modernity that led to the holocaust 1) division of labour- no one felt personally responsible- hierarchy 2) bureaucratisation- led to dehumanisation as it was about the process of keeping Germany running smoothly than the harm caused 3) science and technology- from the railways transporting victims to industrialisation produces gas to kill them

Question 63

Green Crime

Answer 63

White- the focus of criminology should be any act that causes harm even if no laws are caused- zemiology

Question 64

Green+ Ward

Answer 64

includes all forms of crime committed by or on behalf of states or government in order to further policies - e.g. genocide

Question 65

Lyon and synopticon

Answer 65

cant evade it- all around us inestimable amount of personal data easily accessible - media trading of personal data= to make a profit, to shake personal identity - 30% do tracking and monitoring Canadians and Americans

Question 66

Mathiesen and surveillance

Answer 66

Foucault only tells half the story- panopticon allows the few to monitor the many the media allows the many to view the few- this is called the synopticon e.g. politicians

Question 67

McLaughlin categories of state crime

Answer 67

1) political crime- e.g. censorship of crime 2) crimes by security+ police forces e.g. genocide, Abu Ghraib 3) economic crimes- e.g. covid party gate 4) social+ cultural crimes

Question 68

The Geneva Convention

Answer 68

1) illegal wars e.g. war of terror- false claims of weapons of mass destruction 2) crimes committed during war and its aftermath e.g. torture during the Iraq war

Question 69

who talked about zemiology

Answer 69

Hillyard

Question 70

Kramer + Michalowski

Answer 70

2 types of state crime 1) state initiated/ directed e.g. cost cutting- decision made by NASA and corporations led to explosion and 7 people killed 2) state facilitated- state failing to regulate+ control corporate behaviour e.g. BP oil spill

Question 71

Cohen and the culture of denial

Answer 71

stages in ways the states have to conceal or justify human rights crime and label them as not a crime 1) it didn't happen 2) if it did, it was something else 3) even if it was what you say it was justified techniques of neutralisation- denial of victim, injury and responsibility

Question 72

Beck

Answer 72

globalisation creates now insecurities= new mentality of "risk consciousness"= risk seen as global rather than place specific e.g. asylum seekers in the UK fuelled by media police react to be seen as dealing the the issue e.g. border controls

Question 73

Taylor

Answer 73

globalisation led to changes in the pattern and extent of crime free rein to market forces= greater inequality+ rising crime on both ends TNCs go to LICs- job insecurity- more poverty- crime

Question 74

Young

Answer 74

global media in both developed and developing countries encourages valuing money and owning consumer goods- wealthy western life brings happiness little change of accessing it legitimately so will access it through crime- society has become bulimic

Question 75

Marxism and globalisation

Answer 75

led to more crimes against workers as TNCs farm out work to factories aboard then fail to regulate health and safely Nelken- powerful individuals and corporation can employ influential lawyers who redefine crimes as mistakes or errors e.g. rana plaza

Question 76

Rothe and globalisation

Answer 76

the role of international organisations e.g. international monetary fund and world bank are "crimes of globalisation" dominated by capitalist states that impose "Structural adjustment programms" on poor countries as condition of loans causing gov. to cut spending on health+ edu. and privatise services e.g. water- corporations expand but also conditions for crime

Question 77

Hobbs and globalisation

Answer 77

crime organised links to eco. changes from large scale hierarchy organisation to loose knit individuals seeking opportunities new form seek international links e.g. drug trade but still rooted in local contacts crime works on a global level

Question 78

Glenny and McMafias

Answer 78

relationship between crimes and globalisation e.g. russia and east euro after fall of communism- traces this as origin of transnational org. crime fall= russia deregulated most sectors of eco. except natural resources= anyone with funds can buy goods lie oil and diamonds and sell abroad for more mafias used to protect goods- able to build links with other parts of the country

Question 79

2000 romania cyanide spill

Answer 79

Baia mare somes river by gold mining company Aurul joint venture with Australian company Esmeralda company claimed gold cyanidation had the ability to clean the toxic tailings (left over)-spread toxic dust by wind killed large number of fish in Hungary Serbia and Romania as polluted waters reached the Tizza river then the daube