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Crime Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define deviance

A

anything breaking the social norm and values may or may not break laws

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2
Q

define crime

A

anything breaking the law

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3
Q

define conformity

A

adjusting yourself to fit the social the social norms and values

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4
Q

define social control

A

ways in which people are encouraged to conform e.g. police

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5
Q

relative deprivation

A

Left realists Lea and Young
media leads to relative deprivation which can lead to crime e.g. theft

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6
Q

commodification of crime

A

Fenwick and Hayward
crime as a package to be consumed
e.g. rap music promoting violence

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7
Q

Views of media violence

A

Schramm
for most children, most television is probably neither harmful nor particularly harmful
Livingstone
preoccupied for the effect of the media because we wish to regard childhood as a time of innocence

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8
Q

Key study of Bandura

A

age 3-5 test subjects
older men beating blow up doll
saw what the child did after this when left alone with doll

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9
Q

fear of crime and media

A

Gerbner
heavy users of TV had higher levels of fear of crime
Schlesinger and tumbler
there is a correlation

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10
Q

Cohen Mods and Rockers

A

press exaggerated the cases of damage and violence
press coverage triggered a reaction police attracted drama
dressed in suit interviewed magistrates
dressed in jeans talked to kids
content analysis

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11
Q

Cohen causes

A

argues that moral panics often occurs at times of social change
rapid change in Britain and youths gaining power
moral panic as a result of boundary crisis - between acceptable and unacceptable

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12
Q

Durkheim and anomie

A

modern societies = tendency towards anomie- the rules governing behaviour become weaker and less clear-cut
modern society= complex division of labour= diverse people
collective conscience is weakened
higher levels of crime

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13
Q

Durkheim boundary maintenance

A

crime= a reaction from society
uniting members in condemnation of their wrongdoers
reinforces commitment to their shared norms and values

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14
Q

David

A

crime as a safety valve e.g. prostitution releases men’s sexual frustration without threatening the nuclear family

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15
Q

Cohen status frustration

A

blocked opportunities
status frustration
subvert norms to gain status
w/c delinquency subcultures

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16
Q

evaluations of Cohen social action theory

A

ignores individuals
gender blind
not explain why not all boys join gangs

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17
Q

Cloward and Ohlin

A

illegitimate opportunity
structures can be blocked (where you live / access to gains
3 types : criminal e.g. mafia
conflict e.g. youth gangs
retreatists e.g. drug use

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18
Q

Miller

A

street corner groups
6 values socialised into “focal concerns”
deviant behaviour

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19
Q

Becker

A

social groups create deviance= made rules whose infrastructure constitutes deviance + particular people and labelling them as outsiders

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20
Q

Becker key terms

A

a deviant= someone whom the label has been successfully applied
deviant behaviour= behaviour that people so label
moral entrepreneurs= people who led a moral crusade to change the law

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21
Q

effects of the new laws

A

1) the creation of a new group of outsiders
2) the creation or expansion of a social control agency to enforce the law and impose labels on offenders

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22
Q

Platt

A

the terms “juvenile delinquency” was created after a campaign by an upper class Victorian
led to the state extending its power to status offences e.g. truancy

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23
Q

Cicourel

A

officers decisions to arrest are often influenced by stereotypes about offenders
justice is not fixed by negotiable e.g. m/c youth was arrested- less likely to be charged- background doesn’t fit delinquency
implication for the use of official statistics

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24
Q

Lemert

A

primary deviance= deviant acts that have not been publicly labelled
secondary deviance is the result of societal reaction
being caught+ publicly labelled = excluded from society
it controls their identity= master status= SFP= deviant career

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25
Q

Wilkins

A

deviance amplification
increased deviance -> isolation
-labelling-> increased social reaction -> secondary deviance -> social reaction

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26
Q

evaluation of Wilkins

A

Downes + Young
cannot predict whether someone who has been labelled will follow a criminal career because they are free to choose not to deviate future

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27
Q

Snider

A

e.g. not regulating oil industries
cap. state is reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of businesses or threaten the profitability
-> police target powerless ones like EM

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28
Q

Gordon

A

crime is a rational response to capitalism hence it is found in all social classes- even though the official statistics make it appear to be a largely w/c ephemeron

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29
Q

how do right realists see crime

A

See crime as undermining social cohesion and a growing problem that destroys communities.​

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30
Q

right realist biological differences

A

Wilson et al differences between people make some people more strongly predisposed e.g. Personality traits such as aggressiveness, risk taking.​
Hernstein et al argue main cause is low intelligence.​

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31
Q

right realists inadequate socialisation of the underclass

A

Effective socialisation decreases the risk of offending since it involves learning self-control, learning morals
Murray= crime is increasing as underclass is increasing
due to welfare state, dependency culture etc.

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32
Q

right realists rational choice theory

A

Individuals have free choice and the power to reason.​
Clarke= decision to commit crime- choice based on rational thinking of consequences.​
If rewards outweigh the costs = crime
since costs are low and are less likely to be caught crime increased

33
Q

Broken window theory

A

Wilson and Kelling
maintain the orderly character of neighbourhoods to prevent crime taking hold e.g. vandalism, graffiti etc should be dealt with immediately.​
they are more likely to think they can get away with it if the area is unclean e.g. broken windows= suggests lack of policing

34
Q

right realist solutions

A

Advocate zero tolerance towards undesirable behaviour e.g. prostitution, drunkenness.​
Crime prevention policies should reduce the rewards and increase the costs of crime e.g. greater use of prisons.​

35
Q

evaluation of right realists

A

Preoccupied with petty street crime and ignores corporate crime.​
Advocating a zero tolerance policy gives police free rein to discriminate against ethnic minorities, youth, homeless etc. ​
Over-emphasis on control of disorder rather than tackling underlying causes of neighbourhood decline such as lack of investment.​

36
Q

how do left realists see crime

A

They argue that victims are important and working class crime is a problem. However, they reject the idea by the right realists that there is a moral decay.​

37
Q

left realists relative deprivation

A

Lea and Young= crime roots in deprivation but not directly responsible for crime e.g. poverty was rife in 1930s yet crime rates were low
Young (1999) argued the “lethal combination is RD and individualism”. Individualism weakens informal social control. ​

38
Q

Left realists subcultures

A

LR see subcultures as a collective response
Some may turn to crime to close the deprivation gap
Young (2002) argued American gangs in ghettos has accepted societies goals (“Gucci, BMW, Nikes”) however, opportunities to achieve these legally are blocked and so we resort to street crime.

39
Q

left realists marginalisation

A

Marginalised groups lack clear goals and organisations to represent their interests (e.g. to help them get better pay and conditions).​
They feel powerless and this can lead to frustration and crime. ​

40
Q

left realist solution= improved policing

A

Kinsey, Lea and Young (1986)
public must be more involved with police priorities and style of policing
Police losing support->less public info->more stop and searches (especially in inner cities)->alienation of some groups.​

41
Q

Left realists solution= tackling structural problems

A

Young suggests we need to tackle discrimination, provide decent jobs, improve housing etc.​
Influenced New Labour​ e.g. Firmer approach to policing hate crimes, sexual assault, domestic violence (to protect vulnerable groups)​

42
Q

similarities between left and right realism

A

Both argue crime has real tangible problems and that these can be tackled​
Fear of crime is rational and is a natural reaction to social issues in society.

43
Q

differences of left and right realism

A

Right realists argue that there has been a moral decay and that causes crime​
Left realists argue that crime is caused be unequal societies and that gradual change will fix this​
Right Realists priorities social order, achieved through a tough stance against offenders.​
Left Realists priorities justice, achieved through democratic policing and reforms to create greater equality.​

44
Q

evidence of institutional racism

A

Mark Daly= the secret police
MacPherson report
the murder of Stephen Lawrence
operation swamp

45
Q

interactionists and ethnicity in crime

A

racial stereotypes= labelling= SFP= master status= deviant career= social construction of crime statistics

46
Q

Neo Marxist view

A

statistics do not reflect reality
outcome of social construction that stereotype ethnic minorities
Gilroy= black criminality is a myth
racial stereotypes= EM appear greater in OFS

47
Q

Policing the crisis

A

Hall et al
saw moral panic over black muggers= 1970 at the time the country having eco. crisis
no evidence to suggest a rise in crime
muggers as a scapegoat for problems of capitalism
also caused black youth marginalised and pushed them into petty crimes

48
Q

evaluation of neo-marxists

A

LR= concerns over muggers is realistic not panicky
hall does not show how capitalist crisis led to panic
criticise gilroy= realists argue OFS reflect reality

49
Q

Lea and Young disagree with neo marxists

A

Argue that although police do act in racist ways, discriminatory policing does not fully explain the differences in statistics
E.g. they argue that some groups are discriminated against but do not commit as much crime as black people e.g. Asian groups.​

50
Q

Palmer and EM

A

emphasis on consumerism promotes relative deprivation= setting materialistic goals that many members of minority groups are unable to reach by legitimate means due to low paid work.​
according to palmer=EM twice as likely to be unemployed and three times as likely to be homeless​

51
Q

The chivalry thesis

A

Pollak =“Men hate to accuse women and thus send them to their punishment, police officers dislike to arrest them..”
Flood-Page (2000) found only 1/11 female self-reported offenders have been cautioned or prosecuted but the figure for men was over 1/7.

52
Q

against chivalry thesis

A

Farrington & Morris (1983) study of sentencing of 408 offences of theft found that women were not sentenced more leniently.​

53
Q

Double deviance

A

​Carlen (1997) argues when women are jailed, it is less for seriousness of their crimes and more according to the court’s assessment of them as wives, mother and daughters.​
Carlen found that Scottish judges were much more likely to jail women whose children were in care than women who they saw as good mothers.​

54
Q

Heidensohn support of double deviance

A

courts treat females more harshly than males when they deviate from gender norms:​Double standards exist e.g. courts punish girls but not boys for premature or promiscuous sexual activity. ​
‘Wayward’ girls can end up in care without having committed an offence.​
Women who do not conform to accepted standards are punished more harshly. ​

55
Q

what did Gordon say about crime in capitalism

A

dog-eat-dog society
crime as a rational reaction to capitalism which is why it is found in all social classes despite what OFS suggest

56
Q

Reiman and selective law enforcement

A

the ruling class are more likely to commit crime but less likely to have the offence treated like the criminal one e.g. tax evasion vs social security frauds

57
Q

Pearce and the ideological functions of crime

A

laws are occasionally passed which on the surface looks like they benefit from the w/c but only benefit the m/c in reality through loop holes + lack of prosecution e.g. 2007 corporate homicide law- in first 8 years only one succeeded

58
Q

fully social theory

A

a comprehensive understanding of crime and deviance for the betterment of society= Taylor, Walton and Young

59
Q

Schwendinger

A

argue we should define crime in terms of human rights violations rather than breaking the laws
crime as transgressive and in terms of zemiology

60
Q

Adorno

A

willingness to obey orders and authoritarian personalities (raised to obey the hierarchy) e.g. WW2 often thought people carry out torture are psychopaths however research shows little psychological difference between them and normal people

61
Q

an example of crimes of obedience

A

My Lai Massacre in Vietnam- supported by Milgram

62
Q

Bauman and modernity

A

key features of modernity that led to the holocaust
1) division of labour- no one felt personally responsible- hierarchy
2) bureaucratisation- led to dehumanisation as it was about the process of keeping Germany running smoothly than the harm caused
3) science and technology- from the railways transporting victims to industrialisation produces gas to kill them

63
Q

Green Crime

A

White- the focus of criminology should be any act that causes harm even if no laws are caused- zemiology

64
Q

Green+ Ward

A

includes all forms of crime committed by or on behalf of states or government in order to further policies - e.g. genocide

65
Q

Lyon and synopticon

A

cant evade it- all around us
inestimable amount of personal data
easily accessible - media trading of personal data= to make a profit, to shake personal identity - 30% do tracking and monitoring Canadians and Americans

66
Q

Mathiesen and surveillance

A

Foucault only tells half the story- panopticon allows the few to monitor the many the media allows the many to view the few- this is called the synopticon e.g. politicians

67
Q

McLaughlin categories of state crime

A

1) political crime- e.g. censorship of crime
2) crimes by security+ police forces e.g. genocide, Abu Ghraib
3) economic crimes- e.g. covid party gate
4) social+ cultural crimes

68
Q

The Geneva Convention

A

1) illegal wars e.g. war of terror- false claims of weapons of mass destruction
2) crimes committed during war and its aftermath e.g. torture during the Iraq war

69
Q

who talked about zemiology

A

Hillyard

70
Q

Kramer + Michalowski

A

2 types of state crime
1) state initiated/ directed e.g. cost cutting- decision made by NASA and corporations led to explosion and 7 people killed
2) state facilitated- state failing to regulate+ control corporate behaviour e.g. BP oil spill

71
Q

Cohen and the culture of denial

A

stages in ways the states have to conceal or justify human rights crime and label them as not a crime
1) it didn’t happen
2) if it did, it was something else
3) even if it was what you say it was justified
techniques of neutralisation- denial of victim, injury and responsibility

72
Q

Beck

A

globalisation creates now insecurities= new mentality of “risk consciousness”= risk seen as global rather than place specific e.g. asylum seekers in the UK
fuelled by media
police react to be seen as dealing the the issue e.g. border controls

73
Q

Taylor

A

globalisation led to changes in the pattern and extent of crime
free rein to market forces= greater inequality+ rising crime on both ends
TNCs go to LICs- job insecurity- more poverty- crime

74
Q

Young

A

global media in both developed and developing countries encourages valuing money and owning consumer goods- wealthy western life brings happiness
little change of accessing it legitimately so will access it through crime- society has become bulimic

75
Q

Marxism and globalisation

A

led to more crimes against workers as TNCs farm out work to factories aboard then fail to regulate health and safely
Nelken- powerful individuals and corporation can employ influential lawyers who redefine crimes as mistakes or errors e.g. rana plaza

76
Q

Rothe and globalisation

A

the role of international organisations e.g. international monetary fund and world bank are “crimes of globalisation” dominated by capitalist states that impose “Structural adjustment programms” on poor countries as condition of loans causing gov. to cut spending on health+ edu. and privatise services e.g. water- corporations expand but also conditions for crime

77
Q

Hobbs and globalisation

A

crime organised links to eco. changes from large scale hierarchy organisation to loose knit individuals seeking opportunities
new form seek international links e.g. drug trade but still rooted in local contacts
crime works on a global level

78
Q

Glenny and McMafias

A

relationship between crimes and globalisation e.g. russia and east euro after fall of communism- traces this as origin of transnational org. crime
fall= russia deregulated most sectors of eco. except natural resources= anyone with funds can buy goods lie oil and diamonds and sell abroad for more
mafias used to protect goods- able to build links with other parts of the country

79
Q

2000 romania cyanide spill

A

Baia mare
somes river by gold mining company Aurul joint venture with Australian company Esmeralda
company claimed gold cyanidation had the ability to clean the toxic tailings (left over)-spread toxic dust by wind
killed large number of fish in Hungary Serbia and Romania as polluted waters reached the Tizza river then the daube

Sociology (11 decks)

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