Crew Resorce Management (CRM)

Question 1

Divisions of CRM

Answer 1

• communication
• situational awareness
• aeronautical decision making
• personal behavior
• SOP
• fatigue and stress

Question 2

Where did CRM training start?

Answer 2

First CRM training was provided by United in 1981 after an analysis of UA173 which had a fuel starvation in 1979

Question 3

Levels of Situational Awareness

Answer 3

Level 1: Perception

Level 2: Comprehension

Level 3: Projection

Question 4

Types of Threats and Errors (TEM)

Answer 4

Threats: “situation or event that has the potential to impact negatively on the safety of a flight or any influence that promotes opportunities for pilot errors”

• Latent threats (ie. equipment design faults, fatigue, visual illusions)
• Environmental threats (ie. WX, terrain, ATC, airport)
• Organizational threats (ie. Operational pressure, multiple aircraft types, cockpit design, maintenance, rostering)

Errors: “Actions or lack of actions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from organizational or flight crew intentions or expectations.”

• Aircraft handling errors (ie. Manual handling, automation, navigation)
• Procedural errors (ie. SOPs, checklist, briefings)
• Communication errors (ie. internal and external)

Question 5

Steps of avoiding threats and errors

Answer 5

Level 1: Mitigate
* identify threat/error that has OCCURRED and limit the damage
Level 2: Trap
* Identify CURRENT AND DEVELOPING threat/error and stop
Level 3: Avoid
* identify POTENTIAL threat/error in advance and avoid

Question 6

Aeronautical Decision Making: DODAR

Answer 6

D: Diagnose
O: Options
D: Decide
A: Assign
R: Review

Question 7

Brief Cabin Crew: NITS

Answer 7

N: Nature
I: Intentions
T: Time
S: Safety Precautions

Question 8

Main areas of stress

Answer 8

Physical stress: environmental noice, vibration and stages of hypoxia

Physiological Stress: Fatigue, physical fitness and diet

Emotional Stress: Domestic, social and emotional factors related to living or work

Question 9

At what rate does the body adjust to a change in time zones

Answer 9

A rate of 90 mins per day

Question 10

New CRM “core truths”

Answer 10

A crew will not work together well if:

1) misunderstand personalities among each other
2) allow personalities to become negative when facing a challenge
3) if a member is not well physiologically or psychologically
4) if a member does not comply with SOP