Creoles & crossing

Question 1

Context

Answer 1

with the large arrival of Caribbean people in the UK from the late 1940s onwards, new forms of English started to be heard in many predominantly urban areas

Question 2

1960s & 70s

Answer 2

the contact between Jamaican-English young people and their white working class neighbours (work, school, relationships) meant that people were exposed to each other’s varieties of English

Question 3

Crossing

Answer 3

when speakers who had access to both London and Jamaican English might shift from one style to another, depending on who they were with

Question 4

Ben Rampton notes:

Answer 4

‘Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use.. it was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, competence in relationships and opposition to authority’ (2010)

Question 5

Hewitt (1986) & Sebba (1993)

Answer 5

identified a new development in the 1980s that of ‘Black Cockney’ - a style rather than a discrete variety - used by young black speakers in London

Question 6

John Pitts (2012)

Answer 6

noticed a different shift among some young English speakers who felt that mainstream society was ignoring and constraining them, towards a resistance identity though language