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Anatomy II Test II - Jourdan > Cranium, Scalp, Meninges and Brain II > Flashcards

Cranium, Scalp, Meninges and Brain II Flashcards

1
Q

What does gray matter house?

A

Motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
Dendrites
Axon terminals
Unmyelinated axons

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2
Q

White matter is composed primarily of what?

A

Myelinated axons

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3
Q

During brain development, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from what?

A

Migrating peripheral neurons

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4
Q

External sheets of gray matter is called what?

A

The cortex

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5
Q

What covers the surface of most of the adult brain (the cerebrum and the cerebellum)?

A

cortex

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6
Q

What are the three initial brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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7
Q

When are the three initial brain vesicles differentiated?

A

By the end of the fourth week of development

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8
Q

What are the five secondary brain vesicles?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon and Mylencephalon

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9
Q

The components of the five secondary brain vesicles differentiated by what week?

A

five

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10
Q

What forms the cerebrum?

A

Telencephalon

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11
Q

What forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

What forms the pons and cerebellum?

A

Metencephalon

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13
Q

What forms the medulla oblongata?

A

Mylencephalon

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14
Q

At 13 weeks, what parts of the brain are formed?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum and pons, and medulla oblongata

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15
Q

At 26 weeks, what parts of the brain are formed?

A 
Cerebrum
Central and lateral sulcus
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pons and cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
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16
Q

What are the brains 4 major regions?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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17
Q

How is the cerebrum divided?

A

Into two halves, called the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

How is each hemisphere of the cerebrum subdivided into?

A

five functional areas called lobes

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19
Q

Outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called what?

A

Gyri

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20
Q

Outer surface of an adult brain exhibits shallow depressions between folds called what?

A

Sulci

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21
Q

The brain is associated with how many pairs of cranial nerves?

A

12

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22
Q

The portion of the adult brain including the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus is derived fro which secondary brain vesicle?

A

Diencephalon

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23
Q

The frontal lobe has what cortices and association areas within?

A

Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Motor speech area
Frontal eye fields

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24
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Frontal lobe within the precentral gyrus

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25
Q

What cortex in the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex association area?

A

Premotor cortex

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26
Q

What is the motor speech area in the frontal lobe and is usually found only on the left frontal lobe?

A

Broca’s area

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27
Q

What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Higher intellectual functions (concentration, decision making, planning); personality; verbal communication; voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

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28
Q

What are the cortices and association areas within the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex
Somatosensory association area
Part of Wernicke’s area
Part of gnostic area

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29
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

In the parietal lobe withing postcentral gyrus

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30
Q

What are the primary functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensory interpretation of textures and shapes; understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions (wernicke’s area)

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31
Q

What are the cortices and association areas of the temporal lobe?

A 
Primary auditory cortex
Primary olfactory cortex
Auditory association area
Olfactory association area
Part of Wernicke's area
Part of gnostic area
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32
Q

What are the primary functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Interpretation of auditory and olfactory sensations; storage of auditory and olfactory experiences

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33
Q

What are the cortices and association areas of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex

Visual association areas

34
Q

What are the primary functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Conscious perception of visual stimuli; integration of eye focusing movements; correlation of visual images with previous visual experiences

35
Q

What is the cortex of the insula lobe?

A

Primary gustatory cortex

36
Q

What is the primary function of the insula lobe?

A

Interpretation of taste; memory

37
Q

The primary motor and sensory cortical regions are connected to adjacent association areas that do what?

A

Process and interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response

38
Q

The premotor cortex in the frontal lobe has what function?

A

Coordinate learned skilled motor activities

39
Q

The somatosensory association area in the parietal lobe has what functions?

A

Integrates and interprets sensations to determine the texture, temperature, pressure and shape of objects

40
Q

The auditory association area in the temporal lobe has what functions?

A

Interpret characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past (“ear worm”)

41
Q

The visual association area in the occipital lobe has what functions?

A

Process visual info by analyzing color, movement, and form to identify things we see

42
Q

What is the function of the Wernicke’s area?

A

Recognize, understand, and comprehend spoken or written language. works with the Broca’s area

43
Q

What is the motor speech area?

A

Broca’s area

44
Q

What is the function of the gnostic area?

A

E.g. clock indicates 12:30, smell food cooking, friend talks about hunger, so you interpret it to be lunch time

45
Q

What are association tracts?

A

tracts that connect different regions of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

46
Q

What are commissural tracts?

A

Tracts that are between cerebral hemispheres

47
Q

What are projection tracts?

A

Tracts that link cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions (e.g. corticospinal tract from cerebrum to brainstem and spinal cord)

48
Q

What can association tracts be divided into?

A

Arcuate fibers: connect neighboring gyri within a single cerbral lobe
Longitudinal fasiculi: connect gyri between different cerebral lobes of the same hemisphere

49
Q

Tracts are grey or white matter?

A

White

50
Q

Clusters of gray matter containing neuron cell bodies that lie within masses of white matter is/are the ______.

A

Cerebral nuclei

51
Q

What are cerebral nuclei?

A

Paired irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter

52
Q

What is the function of the Caudate Nucleus?

A

C-shaped: neurons within stimulate appropriate muscles to coordinate arm and leg movements associated with walking

53
Q

What is the amygdaloid body?

A

Expanded region at the tail of the caudate nucleus: participates int he expression and control of moods and emotions

54
Q

What is the putamen and globus pallidus?

A

Both form lentiform nucleus: putament controls muscular movement at a subconscious level
Globus inhibits activity of the thalamus

55
Q

What is the claustrum?

A

Subconscious processing of visual information

56
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon?

A

Provides the relay and switching centers for some sensory and motor pathways and for control of visceral activities

57
Q

What is the posterior part of the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland which secretes melatonin

58
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus habenular nuceli?

A

Help relay signals from the limbic system and control visceral and emotional responses to odors

59
Q

Sensory impulses from all conscious senses except olfaction converge where?

A

on the thalamus

60
Q

The anterior group of the thalamus has what function?

A

Mood modification

61
Q

The Lateral group of the thalamus has what function?

A

Mood

62
Q

What function does the medial group of the thalmus have?

A

Sends signals about conscious awareness of emotional states

63
Q

What function does the posterior group of the thalmas have?

A

Relay Visual, auditory, and sensory info

64
Q

The ventral group of the thalamus has what function?

A

Somatomotor and somatosensory

65
Q

The anterior nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?

A

Autonomics/parasympathetic

66
Q

The dorsal medial nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?

A

Autonomics/ sympathetics

67
Q

The mammillary body of the diencephalon has what function?

A

Olfaction and swallowing

68
Q

The paraventricular nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?

A

Produce oxytocin

69
Q

The preoptic area of the diencephalon has what function?

A

Regulates body temp

70
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?

A

Regulates sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)

71
Q

The supraoptic nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?

A

Produces ADH

72
Q

Describe the cerebral peduncle of the mesencephalon

A

Motor tracts, corticospinal tracts run through (pyramidal system)

73
Q

Describe the substantia nigra

A

Mesencephalon

Inhibitory signals to skeletal muscles

74
Q

Describe the tegmentum

A

mesencephalon

sends involuntary motor commands to the erector spinae to maintain posture

75
Q

Describe the tectum

A

mesencephalon
relay station for visual and auditory sensations (corpora quadrigemina)
Visual reflex centers (superior colliculi)
Auditory reflex centers (inferior colliculi)

76
Q

What is the function of the Pons?

A

Regulate rate and depth of breathing, house nuclei for V, VI, VII, and VIII

77
Q

Describe the medulla

A

Corticospinal tracts and sensory relay (the olive)
Nuclei for VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Also cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, and those related to coughing, gagging, sneezing, salvation, swallowing and vomiting

78
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates and fine tunes skeletal muscle movements and ensured that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth coordinated movements.
Performs indirectly with voluntary and involuntary motor pathways

79
Q

What is a ring around the diencephalon and is composed of various structures that collectively process and experience emotions?

A

Limbic system

80
Q

What structures compose the limbic system?

A 
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdolid body
oflactory bulb
fornix
various nuclei in die.
81
Q

What nucleus participates in the expression of emotions, control of behavior, and development of moods?

A

Amygdaloid body

82
Q

What is the hippocampus related to?

A

Storing memories and longterm memory

Anatomy II Test II - Jourdan (9 decks)

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