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Anatomy II Test II - Jourdan > Cranium, Scalp, Meninges and Brain > Flashcards

Cranium, Scalp, Meninges and Brain Flashcards

1
Q

The brain is protected and isolated by multiple structures. Describe them

A
  1. Bony cranium - rigid support
  2. Connective tissue membranes - meninges - surround and partition portions of the brain
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid - cushioning fluid
  4. blood-brain barrier - prevent entry of pathogens
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2
Q

What are the layers of the Scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue 
Pericranium
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3
Q

Three dense regular connective tissue layers separate soft tissue of the brain from what?

A

the bones of the cranium

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4
Q

The cranial meninges enclose and protect what? What do they contain.

A

blood vessels that supply the brain

Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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5
Q

Parts of the cranial meninges form some of what?

A

veins that drain blood from the brain

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6
Q

From superficial to deep, what are the layers of the cranial meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
and Pia mater

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7
Q

What layer is the tough membrane composed of two fibrous layers and is strongest of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater

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8
Q

What are the two layers of Dura mater?

A

Perisosteal layer - the more superficial layers and attaches to the periosteium of the cranial bones

Meningeal layer - lies deep to the periosteal layer

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9
Q

The meningeal layer is usually fused to the periosteal layer except when?

A

In specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called dural venous sinuses

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10
Q

What meningeal layer lies immediately internal to the dura mater?

A

Arachnoid

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11
Q

What meningeal layer is partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers?

A

Arachnoid

Termed the arachnoid trabeculae

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12
Q

What is between the arachnoid and the overlying dura mater?

A

Subdural space

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13
Q

What is immediately deep to the arachnoid?

A

Subarachnoid space

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14
Q

What is immediately deep to the arachnoid ?

A

Subarachnoid space

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15
Q

What is the innermost of the cranial meninges?

A

Pia mater

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16
Q

What meningeal layer is a thin layer of delicate connective tissue that tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain surface?

A

Pia mater

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17
Q

THe meningeal layers of the dura mater extends as flat partitions (septa) deep into the cranial cavity at four locations called what?

A

Cranial dural septa

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18
Q

The membranous partitions separate what specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the entire brain?

A

Falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

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19
Q

In the septa what dural venous sinuses are present?

A

Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
The straight sinus
sigmoid sinus
transverse sinus

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20
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space
Bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous system and completely surrounds it

21
Q

What important functions does the cerebospinal fluid perform?

A

Buoyancy
Protection
Environmental stability

22
Q

What forms the cerebospinal fluid?

A

Choroid plexus in each ventricle

23
Q

How is cerebospinal fluid produced?

A

By secretion of a fluid from the ependymal cells that originate from the blood plasma

24
Q

What is the cerebospinal fluid similar to?

A

Blood plasma but has greater amounts of sodium, hydrogen, and calcium, but less potassium (and calcium??????)

25
Q

What are brain ventricles?

A

Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the lumen (opening) of the embryonic neural tube

26
Q

The brain ventricles are continuous with what?

A

one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord

27
Q

What are the four ventricles in the brain?

A

Two lateral ventricles: in the cerebrum, separated by a thin medial partition called the septum pellucidum
Third ventricle: within the diencephalon
Fourth: within the pons and cerebellum

28
Q

How does each lateral ventricle communicate with the third ventricle?

A

Through an opening called the intraventricular foramen

29
Q

CSF is produced by the chorid plexus in what?

A

the ventricles

30
Q

CSF flows from the third ventricle through what to get to the fourth ventricle?

A

mesencephalic aguaduct

31
Q

Where does excess CSF flow into?

A

The arachnoid villi, then drains into the dural venous sinuses

32
Q

What does pressure allow the CSF to do?

A

Be released into the blood without permitting any venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space

33
Q

The greater pressure on the CSF in the subarachnoid space assures what?

A

That CSF moves in the venous sinuses

34
Q

What disease is called “water on the brain”?

A

Hydrocephalus

35
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A

Obstruction in CSF flow that restricts its reabsorption in the venous bloodstream

36
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

Inserting a ventriculoperitoneal shut that drains to the abdominal cavity
Or a ventriculostomy that creates a hole in the floor of the third ventricle that drains into the subarachnoid space

37
Q

The brain is protected from the general circulation by what?

A

Blood-brain barrier

38
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier strictly regulate?

A

What substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain

39
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier prevent?

A

exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances (ions, hormones) that could adversely affect brain function

40
Q

What prevents materials from diffusing across the capillary wall in the blood brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions

41
Q

What acts as “gatekeepers” that permits materials to pass to the neurons after leaving the capillaries?

A

Astrocytes

42
Q

Astrocytes are markedly reduced or missing in what three distinct locations in the CNS?

A

Choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

43
Q

Which of the following cranial bones is not paired?

A

Sphenoid

44
Q

Which cranial foramen permits passage of the mandibular nerve?

A

Foramen ovale

45
Q

The horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is what?

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

Falx run vertically

46
Q

What nerve is in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?

A

Trochlear (CN IV)

47
Q

Excess CSF is removed fromt he subarachnoid space by what?

A

Arachnoid granulations

48
Q

The brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is _____.

A

Lateral ventricle

Anatomy II Test II - Jourdan (9 decks)

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