craniofacial development part 2

Question 1

what does the cephalocaudal gradient describe?

Answer 1

the increase size from head to feet

Question 2

what are the 4 types of growth in craniofacial development?

Answer 2

-cranial vault
-cranial base
-naso-maxillary complex
-mandible

Question 3

what are the 3 embryonic origins known as?

Answer 3

-desmocranium (cranial vault)
-chondocranium (cranial base)
-viscerocranium (facial skeleton)

Question 4

what are fontanelles?

Answer 4

membrane filled spaces between flat bones

Question 5

what are fontanelles commonly called?

Answer 5

soft softs

Question 6

what is the purpose of fontanelles?

Answer 6

-facilitate birth
-allow for growth of brain

Question 7

what do fontanelles become?

Answer 7

bone by undergoing intramembraneous ossification

Question 8

what cells become bone when undergoing intramembraneous ossification?

Answer 8

fibrous mesenchyme connective tissue become bone

Question 9

what are the four frontanelles called?

Answer 9

anterior
posterior
sphenoid
mastoid

Question 10

name the cranial sutures from ant to posterior

Answer 10

frontal
coronal
saggital
lambdoid
parietal

Question 11

do sutures have the same purpose as fontanelles?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

when sutures undergo ossification where does deposition and resorption occur?

Answer 12

inner resorption
outer deposition

Question 13

what are premature fusion conditions collectively known as?

Answer 13

craniosynotoses

Question 14

what is crouzen syndrome?

Answer 14

premature fusion of cranial sutures

Question 15

what does cousin syndrome cause?

Answer 15

-bossing skull
-proptosis

Question 16

what is aperts syndrome?

Answer 16

premature fusion of the transverse sutures (coronal and lamboid)

Question 17

what would indicate alerts syndrome?

Answer 17

high frontal forehead

Question 18

what is plagiocephaly?

Answer 18

premature fusion of coronal and saggital sutures

Question 19

what would indicate plagicephaly?

Answer 19

posterior bossing

Question 20

what does triganocephaly cause?

Answer 20

triangular forehead

Question 21

where does endochondral ossification occur?

Answer 21

cranial base

Question 22

what does endochrondreal ossification entail?

Answer 22

cartilage becomes bone

Question 23

what are the areas of synchondrosis that are replaced by bone in the cranial base?

Answer 23

sphenoid-ethmodial
inter-sphenoid
spheno-occipital

Question 24

what type of ossification does the nasomaxillary complex undergo?

Answer 24

intramembraneous ossification as there is no cartilage

Question 25

what are the two stages of nasomaxillary growth?

Answer 25

1- apposition of bone at the sutures that connect maxilla to the cranial base
2-displacement remodelling- where the cranial base pushes the maxilla down and forward from the sutures and resorption of the anterior parts of maxilla/zygomatic bone

Question 26

what growth does the mandible undergo?

Answer 26

both intramembraenous ossification and endochondral ossification (condyle)

Question 27

what is the embryonic precursor of the mandible?

Answer 27

meckels cartilage

Question 28

what is meckels cartilage essentially used as?

Answer 28

a template for the intramembraneous ossification of the mandible

Question 29

what is the secondary cartilage produced?

Answer 29

condyle

Question 30

what does the condyle undergo?

Answer 30

endochondral ossification

Question 31

in what way does the mandible grow?

Answer 31

downwards and forewards

Question 32

where does bone deposition occur?

Answer 32

posterior of mandible and posterior of coronoid notch and chin

Question 33

where does bone resorption occur?

Answer 33

anterior of mandible

Question 34

how is the nasomaxillarfy complex formed and why?

Answer 34

intramembraneous ossification as there is no cartilage