Cranial Nerves I & II (& some general info) Flashcards
1
Q
things that are given by the patient in the history/exam
A
soft clues
2
Q
sharp pain on motion or constant pain
A
joint pain
3
Q
burning, hot feeling, sharp pain not on motion, stabbing, tingling/numbness
A
nerve pain
4
Q
cramping, spasm, dull ache
A
muscle pain
5
Q
radiating dull or deep ache
A
referred pain
6
Q
deep burning/dull pain
A
bone pain
7
Q
throbbing pain
A
vascular pain
8
Q
well localized pain
A
peripheral
9
Q
diffuse pain
A
central
10
Q
pain that’s there less than 25% of the time
A
intermittent
11
Q
pain that’s there 25-50% of the time
A
occasional
12
Q
pain that’s there 50-75% of the time
A
frequent
13
Q
pain that’s there 75-100% of the time
A
constant
14
Q
radiating, sharp, stabbing, well demarcated pain
A
dermatome pain
15
Q
pain referral within muscular or fascial tissue
A
myogenous pain
16
Q
dull, achy, diffuse pinpoint pain
A
scleratogenous pain
17
Q
muscle strength that’s graded 0
A
no muscle contraction
18
Q
muscle strength that’s graded 1
A
0-10% of normal movement
19
Q
muscle strength that’s graded 2
A
11-25% of normal movement
20
Q
muscle strength that’s graded 3
A
26-50% of normal movement
21
Q
muscle strength that’s graded 4
A
51-75% of normal movement
22
Q
muscle strength that’s graded 5
A
76-100% of normal movement
23
Q
cranial nerve fibers arise bilaterally from
A
the precentral gyrus of the cerebral motor cortex
24
Q
cranial nerve fibers descend along
A
the corticobulbar tract of the brain
25
movements that are mainly unilateral receive innervations from this hemisphere
the contralateral hemisphere
26
the cranial nerves that have motor function take their origin from
cells deep within the brain stem
27
the sensory cranial nerves originate from
cells outside the brain stem
28
unilateral abnormalities of CN V, VII, and VIII =
cerebellopontine angle lesion
29
unilateral abnormalities of CN III, IV, V and VI =
cavernous sinus lesion
30
combined unilateral abnormalities of CN IX, X, and XI =
jugular foramen syndrome
31
combined bilateral abnormalities of CN X, XI, and XII if lower motor neuron =
bulbar palsy
32
combined bilateral abnormalities of CN X, XI, and XII if upper motor neuron =
pseudobulbar palsy
33
most common cause of intrinsic brain stem lesion in a younger patient
multiple sclerosis
34
most common cause of intrinsic brain stem lesion in an older patient
vascular disease
35
edinger-westphal nucleus at the level of
superior colliculus
36
nucleus of trochlear nerve in mid brain at level of
inferior colliculus
37
motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve at level of
mid pons
38
nucleus of abducens nerve in
dorsal pons
39
motor nucleus of facial nerve near
near caudal border of pons
40
nucleus salivatorius superior and inferior at border of
pons and medulla
41
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve in
dorsal medulla
42
nucleus ambiguous located in
dorsal medulla
43
nucleus of hypoglossal nerve located in
medulla beneath 4th ventricle
44
mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal located in
mid brain
45
main sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve located in
pons
46
vestibular and cochlear nuclei of acoustic nerve located in
pons and medulla
47
nucleus of tractus solitarius located in
dorsal medulla
48
nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve located in
dorsal lateral medulla
49
anosmia
complete loss of smell
50
anosmia is commonly associated with
viral infections, aging, head trauma
51
hyposmia
decreased sense of smell
52
hyperosmia
increased sense of smell
53
parosmia
perversion of smell
54
cacosmia
abnormally disagreeable smell
55
common causes of anosmia in both nostrils
blocked nasal passage, common cold, trauma
56
may be caused by tumors at the base of the frontal lobe
Foster Kennedy syndrome
57
is characterized by ipsilateral blindness, anosmia, contralateral papilledema
Foster Kennedy syndrome
58
associated with blindness, optic atrophy, a dark cherry red spot in place of the macula lutea
Tay-Sachs disease
59
small pupil constricts poorly to direct light, but reacts to accommodation
Argyll Robertson
60
characterized by a tonic pupillary reaction and the absence of one or more tendon reflexes
Holmes-Adie syndrome
61
heterotropia
deviation of bilateral eye alignment
62
exotropia
outward/lateral eye movement
63
esotropia
inward/medial eye movement
64
hypertropia
up eye movement
65
hypotropia
down eye movement
66
cranial nerves at the level of the midbrain
3 and 4
67
cranial nerves at the level of the pons
5, 6, 7, 8
68
cranial nerves at the level of the medulla
9, 10, 11, 12
69
function of CN 1
smell
70
function of CN 2
vision
71
function of CN 3
light accommodation
72
function of CN 3, 4, 6
eye movements
73
function of CN 5
sensation/wink
74
function of CN 7
facial muscles/taste
75
function of CN 8
auditory/balance
76
function of CN 9
taste/gag
77
function of CN 10
voice/swallow
78
function of CN 11
shoulder shrug
79
function of CN 12
tongue movement
80
the only sensory modality with direct access to cerebral cortex without going through the thalamus
olfaction
81
tract that projects mainly to the uncus of the temporal lobe
olfactory tract
82
CN 1 lesions commonly result in
parosmia and anosmia
83
most frequent cause of dysfunction of CN 1
common cold
84
Foster Kennedy syndrome causes optic atrophy in this eye
ipsilateral eye
85
Foster Kennedy syndrome causes papilledema in this eye
contralateral eye
86
Foster Kennedy syndrome causes central scotoma (central vision loss) in this eye
ipsilateral eye
87
Foster Kennedy syndrome causes anosmia (ipsilaterally or contralaterally)
ipsilaterally
88
rods detect
low light
89
cones detect
color
90
with visual field testing 60 degrees is
nasal view
91
with visual field testing 50 degrees is
superior view
92
with visual field testing 90 degrees is
lateral view
93
with visual field testing 70 degrees is
inferior view
94
the standard light setting on the ophthalmoscope is for
general inspection
95
the narrow light setting on the ophthalmoscope is for
looking at the macula
96
the target light setting on the ophthalmoscope is for
measuring the optic cup
97
the green light setting on the ophthalmoscope is for
looking for hemorrhages
98
the slit light setting on the ophthalmoscope is for
papilledema (looking at elevation changes)
99
the blue light setting on the ophthalmoscope is for
looking at cornea scratches
100
optic disc swelling that is secondary to elevated intracranial pressure
papilledema
101
2nd most common cause of blindness
glaucoma
102
loss of vision in the center of visual field, blurry vision
macular degeneration
103
causes blurred vision, floating stars, shadows
diabetic retinopathy
104
causes double vision, headaches, visual disturbances
hypertensive retinopathy
105
causes dark spot, blurred vision, pupil shape change
melanoma
106
signs are ptosis, pupilloconstriction, facial anhydrosis, ipsilateral facial vasodilation
Horner's syndrome
107
amaurosis fugax associated with this CN dysfunction
2
108
involuntary eye oscillations
nystagmus
109
Definition of a diagnostic red flag
something that presents the need for further investigation
110
What are the 3 categories of red flags and what do they mean?
Category I requires immediate attention (blood in sputum or loss of consciousness)
Category II require further questioning (fever, gait deficits, non-healing wounds)
Category III require further physical tests (abnormal reflexes, unexplained referred pain)
111
Example of a red flag from each category in the cervical spine
Category I = worst headache they've ever had
Category II = bone disorders
Category III = radiculopathy
112
How is intermittent pain graded
less than 25%
113
How is occasional pain graded
25-50%
114
How is frequent pain graded
50-75%
115
How is constant pain graded
75-100%
116
lesion that involves optic nerve or tract and is the most common cause of multiple sclerosis
retrobulbar neuritis
117
lesion that includes various forms of retinitis
bulbar neuritis
118
lesion that is a common symptom of increased intracranial pressure
papilledema
119
lesion that is associated with decreased visual acuity and a change in the color of the optic disc
optic atrophy
120
type of optic atrophy that involves the optic nerve but does. not produce papilledema
primary
121
type of optic atrophy that is a sequel of papilledema and may be due to glaucoma or increased intracranial pressure
secondary
122
abnormality with CN II that almost always presents as bilateral and may develop over hours to weeks
papilledema
123
demyelinating inflammation of optic nerve that presents in patients with MS
optic neuritis
124
CN I travels here
cribriform plate
125
CN II travels here
optic canal
