CPT section 4 Flashcards
Deconditioned
A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability.
Health risk assesment
An HRA is conducted to evaluate the safety of an individual participating in exercise.
Contraindication
A specific situation where a medication, procedure, or exercise should be avoided because it may prove to be harmful to the individual.
(PAR-Q+) questionaire
It is a questionnaire given to prospective clients to gain insight into their current health and wellness.
False-positive screenings
A screening where the results of the health risk assessment might indicate a need for medical clearance, when one is in fact not needed.
Health history
questionnaire (HHQ)
A questionnaire with lists of questions that pertain to health history and habits, such as exercise history, eating behaviors, and general lifestyle.
Which of the following health indicators is reflected in the PAR-Q+ and preparticipation process?
A
Injury history
B
Current blood pressure
C
Current body fat percentage
D
Desired exercise intensity
d
Thermoregulation
constant internal body temperature, including events like sweating to cool the body and shivering to warm the body.
Peripheral vasodilation
The action of expanding the diameter of a blood vessel near the surface of the skin, which helps remove heat from the body.
TRUE OR FALSE? Fitness assessments that do not require physical exertion (such as the measurement of RHR, blood pressure, or body composition) should always be conducted after more vigorous fitness assessments (such as those that measure aerobic fitness, strength, or power output).
A
True
B
False
F
What term is used to describe the physiological process by which the body maintains a relatively constant internal temperature?
A
Homeostasis
B
Vascular shunting
C
Thermoregulation
D
Peripheral vasoconstriction
C
What best defines a Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+)?
A screening where the results indicate a need for medical clearance, when one is not, in fact, needed
A questionnaire with lists of questions that pertain to health history and habits, such as exercise history, eating behaviors, and general lifestyle
A screening tool used to evaluate the benefits and the risks associated with starting any type of exercise that is strenuous in nature
A detailed questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s physical readiness to engage in structured exercise
d
What would not be a reason to terminate an exercise test?
Any malfunction or failure of any exercise or testing equipment.
The individual chooses to stop or requests to stop the test being administered.
The individual is tired from the test.
Visible signs of unusual or excessive fatigue, shortness of breath, or a wheezing type of breath that is not typical of intense exercise.
c
How to record HR
NASM recommends that fitness professionals measure a client’s radial pulse
Blood pressure (BP)
The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/diastolic.
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded.
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded.
Why does NASM recommend fitness professionals measure resting heart rate (RHR) at the radial pulse versus the carotid pulse?
A
Many clients are uncomfortable having others touch their neck.
B
Pressure on the carotid artery can result in a cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
C
The radial pulse provides a more accurate reading of a client’s heart rate response.
D
The vagus nerve lies adjacent to the carotid artery, and pressure on this nerve can slow a client’s heart rate response.
d
Anthropometry
Anthropometry
The field of study of the measurement of living humans for purposes of understanding human physical variation in size, weight, and proportion.
Body mass index (BMI)
Body mass index (BMI)
The measurement of a person’s weight relative to his or her height. measures the riskk to obesity
waist circumference
waist circumference; as a stand alone, it can be used to assess health risk
Gluteal fold
Gluteal fold
The area where the fold of the buttocks joins the back of the thigh.
Skinfold measurements
A technique used to estimate body fat in which calipers are used to pinch the skin in certain areas of the body.
what is this?
Sites
Men
Chest, mid-axillary, subscapular, triceps, abdomen, suprailiac, thigh
Women
Chest, mid-axillary, subscapular, triceps, abdomen, suprailiac, thigh
Jackson and Pollock Seven-Site Measurement
Gender
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
) is a very easy body fat assessment to administer that does not require additional hands-on training or tables to reference.In this technique, sensors are applied to the skin, and a weak electrical current is run through the body to estimate body fat and lean body mass
Hydrostatic Underwater Weighing
This method is founded on the principle that bone, muscle, and connective tissues are denser and heavier in comparison to fat tissue, which is less dense, lighter, and floats. In essence, a person’s weight on land is compared to their underwater weight to determine fat percentage.
Which of the following represents the measurement of a person’s weight relative to their height?
A
Waist circumference
B
Height-to-weight ratio
C
Body mass index (BMI)
D
Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR
c
Which principle assumes that the volume of fluid displaced by an object is equivalent to the volume of the object fully immersed in that fluid or to the specific fraction of the volume below the surface?
A
Fluid principle
B
Overload principle
C
Archimedes’ principle
D
Body displacement principle
Well done!
C
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Cardiorespiratory fitness also commonly referred to as cardio fitness or aerobic fitness, is often assessed to evaluate a client’s capacity for performing work
Cardiorespiratory assessments
- help the fitness professional identify starting exercise intensities that are safe and effective for clients, as well as appropriate modes of cardiorespiratory exercise
YMCA 3-minute step test
An aerobic test that measures the cardiovascular fitness of an individual based on a 3-minute bout of stair-stepping at a specific cadence.
Rockport walk test
An aerobic test for deconditioned individuals or those of low fitness levels in which they are instructed to walk as fast as possible and have their pulse taken immediately after completing 1 mile.
The ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)
test is an incremental test performed on any device (e.g., treadmill, bicycle) that gradually progresses in intensity level and relies on the interpretation of the way a person talks to determine a specific event at which the body’s metabolism undergoes a significant change.
The ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2) talk test measures
the level at which the body can work at its highest sustainable steady-state intensity for more than a few minutes. At this level, the body relies heavily on the anaerobic energy systems that begin to overwhelm the blood’s lactic acid buffering capacity.
Anaerobic energy systems
Energy systems used to perform work in which glycogen is converted to glucose and oxygen is insufficient to break down pyruvate and create adenosine triphosphate.
What is the most valid measurement of aerobic fitness?
A
VO2max
B
The 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run test
C
Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) test
D
The YMCA 3-minute step test
a
Which of the following is the part of the cell that uses nutrients to create energy for the cell?
A
Nucleus
B
Lysosome
C
Mitochondrion
D
Golgi apparatus
c
When sequencing physiological assessments, which of the following would produce a better result if measured immediately after exercise rather than before exercise?
Blood pressure
Resting heart rate
Flexibility
Body composition
c
What is reached when a talk test during exercise reveals a client to be working at ventilatory threshold 2?
The level at which the body can work at its highest sustainable steady-state intensity for more than a few minutes
The ability to talk or hold a conversation during an activity at various intensity levels
The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources
The level at which the body can work at its highest sustainable steady-state intensity for only few seconds
a
Which test provides the most personalized assessment of an individual’s true metabolic function?
YMCA 3-minute step test
Rockport walk test
1.5-mile (2.4-km) run test
Ventilatory threshold (VT1) test
d
Static posture is
the positioning of the musculoskeletal system while the body is standing still,
dynamic posture
represents what happens to that alignment when the body is in motion.
Optimal movement
Moving in a biomechanically efficient manner that maximizes muscle recruitment and minimizes risk of injury
Pes planus
Collapsed arch of the foot; also known as flat feet.
Anterior
On the front of the body.
Posterior
On the back of the body.
Kinetic chain checkpoints
The five areas of the body that are monitored during movement assessments and exercise: foot/ankle, knees, lumbo-pelvic-hip complex, shoulders, and head.
Knee valgus vs Knee varus
Knees collapse inward (knock knees) due to hip adduction and internal rotation; … Knees bow outward (bowlegged); also known as genu varum.
Upper crossed syndrome
Postural syndrome characterized by a forward head and protracted shoulders.
Which assessment provides insight into deviations from optimal alignment of the body in a standing posture?
A
The Lachman test
B
McMurray’s test
C
Static postural assessment
D
Dynamic postural assessment
C
Single-leg squat assessment
A movement assessment that assesses dynamic posture, lower-extremity strength, balance, and overall coordination in a single-limb stance.
Pushup test is
the max pushups for 60 seconds or exhaustion
Bench press strength assessment
A performance assessment designed to estimate the one-repetition maximum of the bench press exercise. 3 rep cal for 1 rep
Squat Strength Assessment Movement
performance assessment designed to estimate the one-repetition maximum of the squat exercise. 3 rep cal for 1 rep
vertical jump assessment is designed
to test maximal jump height and lower-extremity power.
long jump assessment
, also known as the broad jump, is designed to test maximal jump distance and lower-extremity horizontal power.
lower extremity functional test (LEFT)
is designed to test lateral speed and agility
40-yard dash assessment
is designed to test reaction capabilities, acceleration, and maximal sprinting speed
What does the push-up test measure?
A
Core strength
B
Total body strength
C
Maximal upper-body strength during a pushing movement
D
Muscular endurance of the upper extremities during a pushing movement
d
Which performance assessment is designed to test lateral speed and agility?
A
300-yard shuttle assessment
B
40-yard dash assessment
C
Pro shuttle (5-10-5) assessment
D
Lower extremity functional test (LEFT)
d
Which of the following assessments is designed to estimate the one-repetition maximum for the squat exercise?
A
Vertical jump assessment
B
Squat strength assessment
C
Single-leg squat assessment
D
Overhead squat assessment
b
Supine
Lying faceup.
Which of the following assessments can be used by Certified Personal Trainers as recruitment tools for prospective clients?
A
Push-up assessment and LEFT
B
Pushing and pulling assessments
C
Vertical and long jump assessments
D
Static postural and overhead squat assessments
d
TRUE OR FALSE? It is important for all assessments to be sequenced in a specific order to help guarantee accurate results.
A
True
B
False
a
Which muscles may be overactive with knee valgus during the single-leg squat?
Upper trapezius
Hip flexors
Adductor complex
Gluteus maximus and medius
c
Which postural distortion is characterized by flat feet, knee valgus, and adducted and internally rotated hips?
Lower crossed syndrome
Pes planus distortion syndrome
Upper crossed syndrome
Knee valgus
b
Which type of assessment is typically performed first in the assessment flow?
40-yard dash
Static posture
Bench press strength
Single-leg squat
b
Which muscles are typically underactive with knee valgus during the single-leg squat?
Tensor fascia latae
Lower trapezius
Adductor complex
Gluteus maximus and medius
d
Which muscles are typically overactive in association with upper crossed syndrome?
Lower trapezius
Adductor complex
Hip flexors
Upper trapezius
d
Which of the following exercises is typically used to measure maximum strength of the lower extremities?
Single-leg squat
Squat
Lunge
Overhead squat
b
Archimedes’ principle is
a physical law of buoyancy. It is the assumption that the volume of fluid displaced is equivalent to the volume of an object fully immersed in that fluid or to the specific fraction of the volume below the surface.
What best defines a Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+)?
A screening where the results indicate a need for medical clearance, when one is not, in fact, needed
A screening tool used to evaluate the benefits and the risks associated with starting any type of exercise that is strenuous in nature
A questionnaire with lists of questions that pertain to health history and habits, such as exercise history, eating behaviors, and general lifestyle
A detailed questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s physical readiness to engage in structured exercise
d
How is heart rate collected during the YMCA 3-minute step test to evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness level of an individual?
It is measured over a 30-second count during the last minute of the test.
It is measured over a 60-second count immediately following the test.
It is measured over a 20-second count immediately following the test.
It is measured over a 10-second count during the last 30 seconds of the test.
b
What depth is suggested for the overhead squat assessment?
Knees to 45 degrees
Femur parallel to ground
Full-depth squat
Butt to heels
b
Which muscles are typically underactive in association with lower crossed syndrome?
Hip flexors
Abdominals
Adductor complex
Lower trapezius
b
How many skinfold sites are measured when determining body composition using the Durnin-Womersley protocol?
Seven
Four
Three
Six
4
Which type of assessment measures overall strength, stability, muscular endurance, and agility?
Overhead squat assessment
Performance assessment
Static posture assessment
Dynamic posture assessment
b
Which muscle would be considered underactive, leading to the low back arching during the overhead squat assessment?
Gluteus maximus
Latissimus dorsi
Lumbar extensors
Hip flexor complex
a
What step height is used for the YMCA 3-minute step test?
10 inches
14 inches
12 inches
16 inches
c
Which muscle would be considered underactive, leading to shoulder elevation during the pulling assessment?
Upper trapezius
Cervical extensors
Serratus anterior
Lower trapezius
d
Which muscle would be considered overactive, leading to the low back arching during the overhead squat assessment?
Hamstrings complex
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Hip flexor complex
d
Which muscles are typically overactive in association with lower crossed syndrome?
Upper trapezius
Abdominals
Hip flexors and lumbar extensors
Adductor complex
b
Which of the following tests is used to measure lateral acceleration, deceleration, agility, and control?
Pro shuttle
40-yard dash
Lower extremity functional test (LEFT)
Long (broad) jump
a
In most individuals, to what pressure is the blood pressure cuff inflated when measuring resting blood pressure?
The cuff is inflated to a value 5 to 10 mm Hg above the point at which the pulse can no longer be felt at the wrist.
The cuff is inflated to a value of 20 to 30 mm Hg above the point at which the pulse can no longer be felt at the wrist.
The cuff is inflated to a value 70 to 80 mm Hg above the point at which the pulse can no longer be felt at the wrist.
The cuff is inflated to a value 45 to 55 mm Hg above the point at which the pulse can no longer be felt at the wrist.
b
Which muscle would be considered underactive, leading to arms falling forward in the overhead squat assessment?
Latissimus dorsi
Middle and lower trapezius
Pectoralis major
Teres major
b
Which muscle would be considered underactive, leading to the excessive forward trunk lean during the overhead squat assessment?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Rectus abdominis
Hip flexor complex
Gluteus maximus
d
Which muscles are typically underactive in association with pes planus distortion syndrome?
Anterior and posterior tibialis, and gluteus maximus and medius
Adductor complex (inner thighs)
Upper trapezius
Hip flexors
a
Which muscles may be overactive with knee valgus during the overhead squat?
Hip flexors
Upper trapezius
Gluteus maximus and medius
Tensor fascia latae and adductor complex
d
Which of the following is the initial assessment that should be completed prior to starting any exercise or training program?
Anthropometric assessment
Postural assessment
Health risk assessment
Cardiorespiratory assessment
c
Which of the following statements describes the abdominal skinfold location?
A vertical skinfold taken on the mid-axillary line at the level of the xiphoid process (which is typically just below the nipple line)
A vertical skinfold taken 1 inch lateral to the umbilicus (belly button)
A horizontal skinfold taken 1 inch lateral to the umbilicus (belly button)
A diagonal fold taken immediately superior to and in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest (top portion of the hip bone), aligned with the anterior axillary line
b
Which muscles are typically overactive in association with upper crossed syndrome?
Upper trapezius
Adductor complex
Hip flexors
Lower trapezius
a
Which of the following is not a component that needs to be considered when planning a VT1 test?
Duration of each stage
Exercise modality
Environmental temperature
Talk test
c
What step cadence is used during the YMCA 3-minute step test?
A cadence of 36 steps per minute
A cadence of 60 steps per minute
A cadence of 96 steps per minute
A cadence of 112 steps per minute
c
Which of the following represents a criterion for terminating an exercise test or exercise bout that involves exertion?
Any indication of chest pain or angina-like symptoms
Failure of diastolic blood pressure to rise by more than 15 mm Hg
An elevation of systolic blood pressure to 220 mm Hg
Labored or heavy breathing associated with exertion
a
What population is the VT2 talk test appropriate for?
Elderly individuals
Individuals recovering from an injury
Individuals with performance goals
Deconditioned individuals
c
Which of the following waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs) places Amy (a female) in the high-risk category for cardiovascular disease?
WHR of 0.78
WHR of 0.72
WHR of 0.83
WHR of 0.88
d
In which BMI category would you classify Mary if she has a BMI of 17.5?
Class II obesity
Healthy weight
Underweight
Obese
c
Which skinfold sites are measured if determining body composition via the Durnin-Womersley protocol?
Triceps, subscapular, chest, and thigh
Triceps, abdomen, mid-axillary, and suprailiac
Biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac
Biceps, mid-axillary, subscapular, and chest
c
Into which category would a resting blood pressure score of 128/79 mm Hg fall?
Normal
Stage 2 hypertension
Stage 1 hypertension
Elevated
d …stage 1 hypertension is a systolic BP of 130 to 139 mm Hg and a diastolic BP of 80 to 89 mm Hg.
Which test provides the most personalized assessment of an individual’s true metabolic function?
Ventilatory threshold (VT1) test
Rockport walk test
1.5-mile (2.4-km) run test
YMCA 3-minute step test
a
