CPT Section 3 Flashcards
Human movement system (HMS)
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.
Kinetic chain
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Nervous system
A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.
Neuron
Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.
The four primary electrolytes involved in this process are
sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water. Adequate levels of electrolytes must be maintained to produce proper nerve function
cell body of a neuron contains a
nucleus and other organelles, such as mitochondria, an Axon which sends signals to the brain, and Dendrites which gathers info from other effector sites like muscles and organs.
Nucleus
Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes.
Organelles
Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Mitochondria
The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.
Effector sites
A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.
Electrolytes
Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
Central nervous system (CNS)
A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.
Afferent pathway
Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system
Interneurons are
only located within the spinal cord and the brain. They transmit impulses between the afferent and efferent neurons
Mechanoreceptors
Specialized structures that respond
to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.
Somatic nervous system
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.
Autonomic nervous system
A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).
The autonomic system is then further subdivided into the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Three primary functions of the nervous system include
sensory, integrative, and motor functions
Sensory function is the ability of the nervous system to
sense changes in either the internal or external environment
proprioception, which is the body’s ability to naturally sense its
general orientation and the relative position of all its parts
Sympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.
Golgi tendon organs are specialized sensory receptors located at the point where
skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle.
Joint receptors are located in and around the
joint capsule, and they respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
Over the course of the entire human life span, the CNS continues to develop through neuroplasticity (i.e., neuronal changes) and changes in neurocircuitry (i.e., neuronal connections) which is
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span. & The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
The development of motor skills is best under-stood as a three-stage process
Stage 1 (cognitive): The client is just learning a skill. They understand the goals of the skill and develop movement strategies and can perform the skill but with inconsistent performance.
Stage 2 (associative): The client begins to understand the skill. Through practice, they refine the skill and movement strategy and can perform the skill with less error.
Stage 3 (autonomous): The client has mastered the skill. They perform the skill consistently with no error and independently modify the skill without error.
Which of the following is one of the three integrated systems in the human movement system?
A
The nervous system
B
The lymphatic system
C
The respiratory system
D
The integumentary system
a
Joints
The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.
Axial skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.
Appendicular skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.
Remodeling
The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.
Osteoclasts
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.
Wolff’s law
Scientific explanation of how
remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.
TYPES OF BONES
Long, Short, Flat, Irregulat, Sesamoid
Sesamoid bones are
small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint. A common example is the patella (kneecap)
Irregular
Unique shape and function from all other bone types. Vertebrae (i.e., the spinal column)
Processes
are projections protruding from the bone to which tendons and ligaments can attach.
Vertebral column
Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.
Spinal cord
Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae.
Vertebral column (Top to bottom)
Cervical spine (C1–C7), Thoracic spine (T1–T12), Lumbar spine (L1–L5), Sacrum, Coccyx
Intervertebral discs
Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.
Neutral Spine
Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.
Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible
Arthrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Synovial joints
A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.
A gliding joint, also known as a plane joint, is a nonaxial joint that has the simplest movement of all joints.
It moves either back and forth or side to side. One example includes the joints between the carpal bo
Nonaxial
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.
Ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
Elastin
A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.
Growth plate
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
What does the term osteokinematics refer to?
a
Bone formation
b
Joint movement
c
Bone movement
d
Bone weakness
c
What are the most common joints in the human body?
a
Synovial joints
b
Nonaxial joints
c
Diarthrodial joints
d
Nonsynovial joints
A
The muscular system
links the nervous and skeletal systems and is responsible for generating the forces that move the human body
Skeletal muscle
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.
What is it called when a ligament is overstretched or torn?
A strain
A twist
A sprain
A pull
C
Weight-bearing exercise helps strengthen bones through what process?
Osteoporosis
Lengthening
Remodeling
Neuroplasticity
C
What is the purpose of the intervertebral discs?
They support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many back muscles.
They minimize movement of the spine.
They provide support for the head.
They act as shock absorbers.
D
What surrounds the skeletal muscles and connects them to other surrounding muscles?
Connective tissues
Tendons
Muscle spindles
Fascia
D
At what age is total peak bone mass reached?
25
18
35
30
D
Which characteristic is exhibited by type I muscle fibers?
Decreased oxygen delivery
Slow to fatigue
Short-term contractions
Fewer capillaries
B
The first layer in skeletal muscle is connective tissue called
fascia
The layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle is called the _______, which is also commonly referred to as the “deep fascia”
epimysium
Within the muscle, the largest bundles of fibers are called __
fascicles.
Similar to how epimysium wraps and contains the whole muscle, each fascicle is individually wrapped by connective tissue called ___
perimysium
Each fascicle is made up of many individual muscle fibers that are bundled together by connective tissue called_______
endomysium
Nutrition
A process of obtaining nutrients through food and/or food products to support energy requirements and cellular processes, including growth, repair and maintenance of tissues, reproduction, digestive processes, and respiration.
info a fitness professional can and connot provide during nutrition topics
Can: Provide nutritional guidance for healthy populations.
Evaluate a client’s current eating habits and provide general guidance.
Discuss the roles and importance of protein, carbohydrates, and fat.
Cannot: Write specific meal plans and daily menus.
Prescribe specific supplements or recommend vitamins and/or mineral dosages to treat chronic disease.
Prescribe drastic caloric restriction or very low-calorie diets.
macronutrients refers to
the three energy-yielding nutrients: protein, carbohydrates, and lipids (fat)
micronutrients refers to
vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients, which are compounds found in plants that provide various health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties
What is the official term for a statement that maintains that a food has a specific nutritional property or provides a specific benefit?
a
Food claim
b
Nutrition fact
c
Nutrition claim
d
Food allegation
c
primary functions of protein is
in the synthesis and repair of cells, tissues, and structures, such as collagen, elastin, and muscle.
Essential amino acid (EAA)
Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids.
Substrates
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.
Protein turnover
A process in which the body breaks down existing proteins and recycles the component amino acids for incorporation into new proteins or other nitrogen-containing compounds.
Mutual supplementation
Combination of two incomplete protein sources that together provide all of the essential amino acids.
Low biological value (LBV)
proteins
Foods missing one or more of the essential amino acids.
High biological value (HBV)
proteins
Foods containing all the essential amino acids.
Net protein utilization (NPU):
Compares the ratio of amino acids that are turned into proteins to the ratio of amino acids provided via dietary intake.
Protein quality can be assessed using various standards
Compares the ratio of amino acids that are turned into proteins to the ratio of amino acids provided via dietary intake.
Enterocyte
Intestinal cells that absorb nutrients.
Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
The recommended amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of most healthy individuals within specific age and gender groups.
Aerobic
Processes relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen.
Anaerobic
Processes relating to the absence of oxygen.
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed.
What is adaptive thermogenesis?
Adaptations to exercise due to changes in energy intake
Metabolic adaptations and changes in energy expenditure due to changes in energy intake
Increased heat production due to changes in energy expenditure
Changes in energy intake due to changes in energy expenditure
b - Adaptive thermogenesis refers to metabolic adaptations and changes in energy expenditure due to changes in energy intake. An example is when energy expenditure decreases due to chronically low caloric intake, seen in some cases of extreme dieting.
Which of the following best describes the role of micronutrients in the body?
They provide some calories, and they are required for the regulation of muscle protein synthesis and glucose metabolism.
They are the primary energy source during short, high-intensity training.
They are the primary source of energy for all physiologic processes.
They regulate various metabolic processes, including energy metabolism.
d
Carbohydrates
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules that include
simple sugars, complex carbohydrates, glycogen, and fiber.
Simple sugars
Include the monosaccharides(single sugar) and disaccharides (two sugars); easily absorbed into the bloodstream.
Polysaccharides
Starch, Glycogen, Fiber
Adipose tissue
An alternative term for fat, used primarily to store energy.
Complex carbohydrates
are digested more slowly and are associated with a slower rise in glucose levels, more sustained source of energy compared to a rapid increase.
Glycemic index (GI)
Number (0–100) assigned to a food, represents the rise in blood sugar after consuming the food.
Glycemic load (GL)
Similar to glycemic index but takes into account the amount of food (carbohydrate) eaten.
Muscle protein synthesis
Process by which
new muscle proteins are formed and a muscle grows or repairs at the molecular level.
Starch
The storage form of carbohydrate in plants
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates composed of long chains of glucose units
What are the two categories of fiber?
a
Complex and simple
b
Soluble and insoluble
c
Complete and incomplete
d
Essential and nonessential
b
What term describes the measure of how quickly a carbohydrate will raise an individual’s glucose levels when consumed on its own, irrespective of the amount eaten?
a
Solubility
b
Glycemic load
c
Glycemic index
d
Carbohydrate synthesis
c
Unsaturated fats
Fatty acids with .
one or more points of unsaturation (double bond) in their chemical structure
Saturated fats
Exact health benefits remain unclear
General recommendations advise limiting excess saturated, from Animal fats, full-fat dairy, coconut oil, palm oil
Metabolites
The formation of a substance required for metabolism.
4 Fat digestion and absorption
Mouth, Stomach, Small Intesting, (Portal veins, liver, and circulation)
What is the optimal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in the diet?
a
Less than 2:1
b
About 4:1
c
10:1
d
20:1
b
What enzyme is responsible for most of the breakdown of ingested lipids into fatty acids?
a
Protease
b
Amylase
c
Lingual lipase
d
Lipoprotein lipase
d
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest.
Endocrine (hormonal) disorders
When the body
produces too little or too much of an endocrine hormone.
Satiating
Satisfying; feeling of fullness.
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
The total amount of energy expended in one day.
oor sleep can have a detrimental effect on weight management. Y or N
Y - inadequate sleep, levels of the satiety hormone peptide YY(peptide that is released in the colon during feeding) are lower and levels of the hunger hormone ghrelin are higher in participants
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS (hormonal)
Several endocrine disorders that typically result in weight gain include hypothyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS),
Can MEDICATIONS effect losing/gaining weight?
Several medications, such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, psychotropics, contraceptive pills, and steroids such as prednisone, can also affect an individual’s propensity to lose or gain weight
Adaptive thermogenesis can be defined
as the metabolic adaptations and changes in energy expenditure, due to changes in energy intake
What term is used to describe metabolic adaptations and changes in energy expenditure as a result of changes in energy intake?
a
Thermic effect of food
b
Adaptive thermogenesis
c
Exercise activity thermogenesis
d
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis
b
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of an organ or tissue; in the context of fitness, it is often used to describe the enlargement of skeletal muscle.
What statement best describes the category of simple sugars?
Sugar syrups that are easily absorbed by the body
Sugars that are dissolved into liquid for consumption
Single- or double-molecule sugars that are easily absorbed by the body
Sugars that have been added to packaged foods
c
Carbohydrate intake prior to intense or long-duration exercise serves which of the following functions?
It provides adequate energy for muscle protein synthesis during training.
It replenishes glycogen stores and provides adequate fuel for performance.
It replenishes depleted amino acid stores prior to high-intensity training.
It is the primary energy source for low-intensity and long-duration exercise.
b
percent daily value (%DV)
on a nutrition facts label is another useful tool that clients can use to compare the nutritional value of different products.
United Kingdom and European Union use percent reference intake (% RI) on the nutrition information panel.
Like the U.S. %DV, the % RI enables consumers to see how a product contributes nutritionally toward their reference intake values for the listed nutrients.
For most consumers, which of the following are the two most informative features of a food label?
a
Total fat and cholesterol
b
Saturated fat and trans fat
c
Dietary fiber and total sugars
d
The nutrition facts label and the ingredients list
d
Dietary supplement
A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid;
Essential nutrient
.
Must be obtained in the diet, as the body is incapable of producing the nutrient on its own
Toxicity
When too much of a vitamin or mineral accumulates within the body, resulting in illness or other symptoms.
When did modern-day nutritional supplements originate?
a
1920s
b
1940s
c
1960s
d
1980s
B
Where was the first multivitamin product developed?
a
London
b
Taiwan
c
China
d
Mexico City
C
Code of Federal Regulations
Describes the laws and regulations for dietary supplements, including how supplements are labeled, manufactured, and brought to or removed from market.
Tolerable upper limit
The greatest quantity of a vitamin or mineral that may be consumed in a day without risk of an adverse health effect.
Banned
A dietary supplement that may be prohibited from use in a specific sport or sport league
Anabolic steroid
Compound made from testosterone or another hormone that acts on hormone receptors to produce increases in muscle size or strength
Daily value (DV)
Amount of a nutrient recommended to be consumed each day to maintain good health. Based on a 2,000-calorie diet for those ages 4 years and older.
ho enforces guidelines for dietary supplements in the United States?
a
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
b
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
c
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
d
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
B
What term is used to describe any unfavorable medical occurrence associated with the use of a medication, medical intervention, or dietary supplement?
a
Adverse effect
b
Allergic reaction
c
Physiological reaction
d
Negative corollary
Well done!
A
Biologically inactive
Any form of vitamin that cannot exert its effect within the body.
Biologically active
The form in which a vitamin must be to exert an effect within the body.
Vitamin C has a role in which of these functions?
Increasing bone density
Immunity only
Collagen synthesis and immunity
Collagen synthesis only
c
Which of the following is a potential benefit of omega-3 fatty acids?
Anti-inflammatory properties
Improved thyroid function
Increased energy
Proinflammatory properties
a
Which of the following is iron considered to be?
Macromineral
Performance supplement
Trace mineral
Vitamin
c
For what is vitamin D most important?
Hair growth
Eyesight
Bone health
Skin pigmentation
c
Compared to nonheme iron, heme iron is absorbed how?
More efficiently
Less efficiently
Not at all
Equally
a
Ergogenic aid
A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; it may also be referred to as a performance supplement
Which of the following amino acids are referred to as branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)?
a
Lysine, proline, and serine
b
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine
c
Cysteine, glutamine, and glycine
d
Methionine, arginine, and glycine
b
Regarding human nutrition, how many of the 20 relevant amino acids are considered nonessential amino acids?
a
5
b
9
c
11
d
15
c
The most well-known and well-researched effect of omega-3 fats relates to which of the following?
Athletic performance
Endocrine health
Bone health
Heart health
d
Which organization must approve a supplement prior to it being sold?
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
Supplements do not require approval prior to sale.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
b
Which is very important as a prenatal vitamin?
Vitamin C
Niacin
Folate
Pantothenic acid
c
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy
Bioenergetics
`
The study of energy in the human body.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself.
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another.
Substrates
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats constitute the main substrates used to transfer metabolic energy to be used
Glucose is
one of the main sources of energy, particularly for brain function and higher-intensity activity
Glycogen
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.
VT1 vs VT2
VT1 is approximately the highest intensity that can be sustained for one to two hours of exercise. In elite marathon runners, VT1 is very close to their competitive pace. The VT2 is the highest intensity that can be sustained for 30 to 60 minutes in well-trained individuals.
Fats
One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body.
Negative energy balance
When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended.
Of the 20 amino acids used by the human body, how many are called essential amino acids?
a
3
b
5
c
9
d
12
c
Myth of fat burning zone
Although it is true that lower-intensity activity relies more on fat as a fuel substrate than glucose, the end result is a little more complex and needs to be viewed from the perspective of a full 24-hour day.
What term is used to describe the state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise?
a
Beta-oxidation
b
Lactate threshold
c
Ventilatory threshold
d
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
d
Any form of exercise can be defined by what two factors?
a
Volume and density
b
Repetitions and sets
c
Intensity and duration
d
Frequency and tempo
c
Mechanical work
The physical processes that move the body and keep it alive, such as muscle contraction.
Anaerobic
Processes relating to the absence of oxygen.
chemical breakdown of glucose in a process referred to as
glycolysis
What is the primary energy-providing molecule in the human body?
a
Fat
b
Carbohydrate
c
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
d
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
d
What metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell is responsible for converting glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
a
Oxidation
b
Glycolysis
c
Phosphorylation
d
Gluconeogenesis
b
Which of the following conditions would produce nutritional ketosis in the body?
A low-protein diet
A very low-carbohydrate diet
A caloric surplus
High-intensity exercise
B
Nutritional ketosis develops when a person consumes a very low-calorie diet (i.e., fasting) or a very low-carbohydrate diet.
What is excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)?
EPOC is the increase in breathing rate that occurs during rest periods between exercise intervals.
EPOC is the faster rate of glycolysis that occurs after exercise.
EPOC is the increase in aerobic metabolism above baseline that occurs for a period after exercise.
EPOC is the increase in protein breakdown that occurs after exercise.
c
What does the electron transport chain (ETC) do?
The ETC uses a hydrogen gradient to create ATP.
The ETC uses an oxygen gradient to create ATP.
The ETC uses proteins to create hydrogen ions.
The ETC uses proteins to create ADP.
A
Which of the following contributes the most to the total calories burned in a day?
Exercise
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis
Thermic effect of food
Resting metabolic rate
d
What are the end products of the electron transport chain?
ADP and water
ATP and oxygen
ADP and hydrogen ions
ATP and water
a
Which of the following is a ketone body?
Glycogen
Acetoacetic acid
Pyruvate
Lactic acid
b
Which nutrient has the highest thermic effect?
Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein
Glycogen
c
Which of the following would occur during intermittent exercise?
All three energy systems would be used at some point during the activity.
Fat would be the main energy source.
Carbohydrates would not be a major energy source.
A steady-state intensity would be used.
A
Before carbohydrates, fat, or protein can enter the citric acid cycle (CAC), they need to be converted to what common molecule?
Pyruvate
ATP
Amino acids
Acetyl CoA
D
What is the ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)?
The point at which a person can no longer talk during exercise
The point at which the body switches to using mostly fat as fuel for exercise
The point at which the body uses mostly protein as fuel for exercise
The point at which the body switches to using carbohydrates to provide at least half the fuel for exercise
D
What is the process called that prepares fatty acid substrates to enter the citric acid cycle?
Ketosis
Glycolysis
Acidosis
Beta-oxidation
D
What is a characteristic of a type II muscle fiber?
Smaller in size
Increased oxygen delivery
Short-term contractions
Slow to fatigue
c
Which system supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body?
Somatic nervous system
The brain
Mechanoreceptors
Autonomic nervous system
D
human movement system (HMS)
the nervous system, the skeletal system, and the muscular system
Kinetic chain
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Regional interdependence model
The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.
Biomechanics is the study of
mechanical laws or principles relating to movement.
Kinesiology is another formal discipline that studies
movement. While kinesiology is still concerned with the principles of biomechanics, it investigates movement further because it additionally relates to human anatomy and physiology.
Movement plane
Sagittal Planes: Split middle up down
Frontal Plane: Side to side
Transverse Plane: Cut middle
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Lateral flexion
Bending of the spine from side to side.
Flexion occurring at the ankle
Dorsiflexion
A movement in which the heel bone moves laterally
Eversion
eccentric muscle action occurs when
a muscle develops tension while lengthening
What are the three overarching types of muscle actions?
a
Eccentric, isotonic, and isometric
b
Isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic
c
Concentric, eccentric, and isometric
d
Concentric, isokinetic, and isometric
b
Open vs closed chained movement
Closed-chain exercises involve applying force into an immovable object, such as the floor, wall, or pull-up bar. In other words, the hands or feet are typically fixed and do not move.
Open-chain exercises involve the ability to freely move the limbs, such as the hands and feet.
For example, a pull-up is a closed-chain exercise for the back musculature, whereas the lat pulldown is an open-chain exercise for the same muscle group.
Agonists are muscles that act
as the prime movers for a joint motion; in other words, they are the muscles most responsible for generating the primary forces
Synergist muscles
create forces to assist prime movers but are not intended as the primary force producer for a given joint motion.
antagonist muscles perform
the opposite action of the prime mover. For example, the biceps brachii (an elbow flexor) is an antagonist to the triceps brachii during elbow extension.
TRUE OR FALSE? The primary characteristic of closed-chain movements is that the distal segments, such as the person’s hands or feet, are not fixed and are able to move freely.
a
True
b
False
False
Motor behavior is the HMS response to
internal and external environmental stimuli. The study of motor behavior examines the manner by which the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems interact to produce skilled movement using sensory information from internal and external environments
Motor development is
then defined as the cumulative changes in motor behavior, over time, throughout the life span ..Rolling over for the first time as an infant to performing complex movements for athletic competition as an adult and beyond
Muscle synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement.
One of the most important concepts in motor control is that muscles are recruited by the nervous system in groups. What are these groups called?
a
Myofibrils
b
Subsystems
c
Muscle synergies
d
Local muscular systems
C
What does the term force refer to?
a
The ability to move the body in one direction as fast as possible
b
The ability of the nervous system to produce great strength in the shortest time
c
The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome a load
d
The ability of one entity to act on another entity, causing acceleration or deceleration
D
Force is defined as
the interaction between two entities or bodies that results in either the acceleration or deceleration of an object
Length-tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Myosin
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.
Stretch-shortening cycle
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction. Like a jump that starts in a squat
The global muscular system is
comprised of larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints
The deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS) includes
muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and lower back region
The posterior oblique subsystem (POS)
is made up of the latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (connective tissue of the low-back), and contralateral gluteus maximus
The anterior oblique subsystem (AOS) is similar to the POS,
just on the anterior side of the body. The muscles include the obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators.
The digestive system may be categorized into three functional regions:
(1) the head and neck, which includes the mouth, (2) the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and (3) the lower GI tract
motility,
The actions of the digestive system generally consist of
Mastication
The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food.
Peristalsis
The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion.
Ingestion
The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion.
Chyme
A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine.
What term refers to the complex group of anatomical structures that function to break down, process, and absorb the food we eat?
a
The digestive system
b
The endocrine system
c
The integumentary system
d
The anaerobic energy system
a
The function of the respiratory system, also known as the pulmonary system, is to
bring oxygen into the lungs from the air as it is breathed in and to expel carbon dioxide from the lungs to the outside environment.
Holding in breath during exercise while contracting the abdominals, also known as the _____ maneuver, increases the rigidity of the spine to make it easier to support heavy loads
Valsalva
What is the primary role of the respiratory system?
a
To regulate heart rate
b
To ensure brain perfusion
c
To regulate blood pressure
d
To ensure proper cellular function
d
What term describes the act of holding in breath during exercise while contracting the abdominals?
a
Abdominal bracing
b
Valsalva maneuver
c
Thoracic pressurization
d
Intrathoracic depressurization
b
Which muscle functions in a feed-forward mechanism in anticipation of limb movements?
Rectus abdominis
Multifidus
Erector spinae
Gluteus maximus
b
With regard to the cumulative injury cycle, current theory supports the idea that repetitive movements, such as long periods of poor posture, are believed to lead to which of the following?
a
Arthritis
b
Decreased vascular tone
c
Decreased pain response
d
Tissue trauma and inflammation
d
Which of the following states that soft tissue models along the line of stress?
a
Davis’s law
b
Boyle’s law
c
Henry’s law
d
Dalton’s law
A
