CP 3 Flashcards by Holly Bee

What is the tertiary sector?

Services

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What is a key factor behind tertiarisation?

improved productivity in secondary and primary industries through mechanisation (less labour needed). Affluent population, more leisure time, growth of IT

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How much did the GVA (Gross value added) of the tertiary sector grow from 1970 and 2006

from 50% to 78% GVA

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What is gentrification?

displacement of working class-population in an area, as a more affluent population move in.

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What is stage 1 of gentrification?

In deindustrialised areas, working class inner city locations, artists and hipsters (urban pioneers) more in, taking advantage of low rent.
Trendy community develops with services.
Limited impact on property prices and pre-existing working class residents.

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Who does stage 1 of gentrification benefit?

Urban pioneers - cheap rent
Working class - prevents spiral of decline
Property owners - empty buildings generate income

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What is stage 2 of gentrification?

Area is trendy, more affluent workers move in, tourist numbers increase due to services, demand for residential and commercial property increases (rent is increased). Working class and low value services (replaced by high value services) are outpriced

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Who does stage 2 of gentrification benefit?

Artists - market for art
Affluent residents
Tourists - spend money in businesses
High value services/small businesses - have customers
property owners - demand increases, so rent increases

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What is stage 3 of gentrification?

Wealthy residents are attracted (business class). Leading to; exclusive housing, office/tertiary employment, services are orientated to affluent (high prices). Original working class and urban pioneers are priced out

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Who does stage 3 of gentrification benefit?

high income - business/private sector
high value services
private sector corporations - office buildings
Property owners

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Who does stage 3 of gentrification NOT benefit?

Working class, urban pioneers, low value services - priced out

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Who does stage 2 of gentrification NOT benefit?

Working class - due to increased rent they are priced out / disenfranchised/marginalised

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Where is Shoreditch?

Northeast of London, inner city

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 1? What was it like?

1980s, buildings in disrepair/abandoned

Artistic community, (Damien hurst), street art created
Working class cafes - mixed community

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 2? What was it like?

2000s, trendy - attracting hipster groups, businesses rising property prices

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 3? What was it like?

2010 to present. Demographic changes to wealthier population, changing services (Versace opened a store). Services increase prices to keep up with rent/competition

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much did rent prices increase in Shoreditch in stage 2? How much was the average for east London?

53% vs 26%. Over 2 times the average for east London

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What cafe was victim of anti-gentrification protests? What did they do? Why?

Cereal killer Cafe. Threw paint, etc.. Increasing prices for products.

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Why did people protest against gentrification

Working class people completely disenfranchised. Government offers no help

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Were people right to protest cereal killer cafe?

No - working class people attacked a small business instead of a major cooperation (Versace)

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What does disenfranchised mean?

Cannot afford products

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What factor has people with professional occupation increased by in Shoreditch? What has working class decreased by.

professional occupancy up by x2.5
working class decreased by 50%

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What was the apartment development called in Shoreditch?

Galliard Homes - “the stage”

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GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much does a 3 bedroom on the 26th floor cost in Galliard homes

£2,600,000

GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY What was ironic about the Galliard Homes

'Street art' throughout the apartment with exposed brick, as an ode to the urban pioneers who used to live there but can no longer

GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY Why do people oppose Galliard Homes?

High rent prices, eyesore, investors are from overseas, little affordable housing

GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY Give an example of an Urban Pioneer in Shoreditch. What did they create?

Stick Man. made a mural about the effects of gentrification (past present and future of Shoreditch) (alienation/isolation)

GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY Does gentrification always follow 3 steps. Give a case study

No - Harborne, South west Birmingham. Never experienced stage1/artistic community

What does Redevelopment aim to do?

Bring people back into deindustrialised areas.

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY Where did redevelopment occur

Inner area of Birmingham

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY What three main strategies have been used to redevelop Birmingham?

Brindley Place, 'The big city plan', 2022 Commonwealth Games

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY When was Brindley place developed? How much did it cost?

£200+ million. 1990s

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY When was 'The big city plan' launched? How much did it cost? How much did it transform?

2010, taking 20 years to complete, costing Â£10 billion, transforming 800 hectares

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY When was the Commonwealth games? How much did it cost?

2022, £700 million

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY What did the 'big city plan' aim to do?

expand city core by 25%, extend walkways and canals, Â£600 million investment in new street station, investment in library, paradise circus and arena

What is re-urbanisation?

Movement of people back into urban areas that have previously experienced out migration

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY What was Brindley place like in 1970s

Run down, derelict factories along canal

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY When was Brindley Place regenerated? How much did it cost? what did it develop?

1987, costing over £200million, leisure, commercial and residential

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY What is the NIA in Brindley Place? How many jobs did the NIA create?

Office and leisure developments. Over 10,000 jobs created

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY When was Symphony court created? How many houses created? When was King Edward's Wharf created? How many appartments?

completed in 1995, 143 houses Completed in 2003, 243 apartments

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY What is Broad street?

Entertainment zone, within walking distance of new street, attract young, wealthy (office workers)

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY What is the main employment types in Brindley place? What does this mean for the working class of Ladywood?

Technology, Transport, Media, Banking (Specialised - Working class cannot be employed)

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY What happens to house prices in Brindley place compared to Ladywood?

464% increase, less then 300m from one another

REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, have homes rented from the council?

Inside - 1% Outside - 75% Average - 9%

LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY What is the local multiplier effect? What is two examples of this

growth in a component of the local economy from an initial investment in another part of the economy. Broad street - redevelopment of Brindley place turned it from shops and services, to leisure (bars, restaurants and clubs). Mailbox - gentrified the old royal mail sorting office to appeal to demographic of Brindley place.

LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY What shops are found in the Mailbox? What is found in broad street?

Mailbox - designer brands, art galleries, restaurants/bars - Appeal to affluent Broad street - Clubs, bars, restaurants, clubs Both appeal to affluent population

Why are some CBDs still in decline?

Competition from retail online, Out of town shopping centres, CBD retail redevelopments in nearby settlements, Out of town office developments, entertainment complexes, COVID-19, cost of living crisis

Why has internet shopping increased? How does growth of internet retail effect CBDs?

improvements in technology Saves time - more convenient, comparison shopping (prices and reviews), greater variety, cheaper (less labour/automation, stored in a warehouse)

How does out of town shopping centres and CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements effect CBDs? Why are these more popular?

less footfall in CBD, more variety in shops, can shop for different things in one go (purpose built). Better accessibility, not weather dependent, free parking, safer (security guards)

CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY What is the out of town shopping centre that effects Dudley? What is the CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements that effects Dudley? What is the out of town office development, what is it close to?

Merry Hill - 220 shops, 28 catering, 7000 free parking spaces, 98 busses an hour, 20million visitors a year Waterfront (office) - 138 rooms, 600 seats, bars and restaurants, employs 3000 people, 600m from Merry hill Bullring - 160 shops, 40 million visitors a year, metro from Dudley

CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY Due to a rise in online shops what businesses have closed in Dudley

Wilko, Woolworths

How did Covid impact highstreets?

Decrease in footfall, and services (cafes/restaurants). Spending drops to 80% of pre lockdown. Little commuters traveling to work, no day visitors, local residents did not invest in services. 235,000 jobs lost in covid, double the amount from 2018. - less footfall

Why has cost of living increased?

Invasion of Ukraine increasing oil prices, meaning fuel costs increases, so transporting goods becomes more expensive, meaning goods prices increases.

What is the effect of the cost of living?

People setting budgets in day to day life and over holidays. disposable incomes fell. basic goods have increased by 50% in price

CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY What ranking is Dudley in the vitality index? What does this mean for Dudley? What may have caused this?

500 out of 500, low quality retail offer (charity shops/vacant)

CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY What two categories are reasons for decline

Impacting some areas (local) Out of town shopping areas, Development of other urban centres in close proximity Impacting national Decline of high streets nationally, Rise in online shopping, COVID 19, Cost of living

CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY What is Dudley investing in?

Investments in heritage (Charlton house)/tourism (castle). Â£6 million investment in market 'modernising'. 3 Colleges

CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY Is Dudley likely o survive? Why?

no - council has not invested in right stuff. Instead of investing in heritage for tourists, shopping centres could be developed Collages have lots of students, who will not be able to afford big purchases