CP 3 Flashcards
What is the tertiary sector?
Services
What is a key factor behind tertiarisation?
improved productivity in secondary and primary industries through mechanisation (less labour needed). Affluent population, more leisure time, growth of IT
How much did the GVA (Gross value added) of the tertiary sector grow from 1970 and 2006
from 50% to 78% GVA
What is gentrification?
displacement of working class-population in an area, as a more affluent population move in.
What is stage 1 of gentrification?
In deindustrialised areas, working class inner city locations, artists and hipsters (urban pioneers) more in, taking advantage of low rent.
Trendy community develops with services.
Limited impact on property prices and pre-existing working class residents.
Who does stage 1 of gentrification benefit?
Urban pioneers - cheap rent
Working class - prevents spiral of decline
Property owners - empty buildings generate income
What is stage 2 of gentrification?
Area is trendy, more affluent workers move in, tourist numbers increase due to services, demand for residential and commercial property increases (rent is increased). Working class and low value services (replaced by high value services) are outpriced
Who does stage 2 of gentrification benefit?
Artists - market for art
Affluent residents
Tourists - spend money in businesses
High value services/small businesses - have customers
property owners - demand increases, so rent increases
What is stage 3 of gentrification?
Wealthy residents are attracted (business class). Leading to; exclusive housing, office/tertiary employment, services are orientated to affluent (high prices). Original working class and urban pioneers are priced out
Who does stage 3 of gentrification benefit?
high income - business/private sector
high value services
private sector corporations - office buildings
Property owners
Who does stage 3 of gentrification NOT benefit?
Working class, urban pioneers, low value services - priced out
Who does stage 2 of gentrification NOT benefit?
Working class - due to increased rent they are priced out / disenfranchised/marginalised
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Where is Shoreditch?
Northeast of London, inner city
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 1? What was it like?
1980s, buildings in disrepair/abandoned
Artistic community, (Damien hurst), street art created
Working class cafes - mixed community
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 2? What was it like?
2000s, trendy - attracting hipster groups, businesses rising property prices
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 3? What was it like?
2010 to present. Demographic changes to wealthier population, changing services (Versace opened a store). Services increase prices to keep up with rent/competition
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much did rent prices increase in Shoreditch in stage 2? How much was the average for east London?
53% vs 26%. Over 2 times the average for east London
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What cafe was victim of anti-gentrification protests? What did they do? Why?
Cereal killer Cafe. Threw paint, etc.. Increasing prices for products.
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Why did people protest against gentrification
Working class people completely disenfranchised. Government offers no help
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Were people right to protest cereal killer cafe?
No - working class people attacked a small business instead of a major cooperation (Versace)
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What does disenfranchised mean?
Cannot afford products
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What factor has people with professional occupation increased by in Shoreditch? What has working class decreased by.
professional occupancy up by x2.5
working class decreased by 50%
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What was the apartment development called in Shoreditch?
Galliard Homes - “the stage”
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much does a 3 bedroom on the 26th floor cost in Galliard homes
£2,600,000
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What was ironic about the Galliard Homes
‘Street art’ throughout the apartment with exposed brick, as an ode to the urban pioneers who used to live there but can no longer
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Why do people oppose Galliard Homes?
High rent prices, eyesore, investors are from overseas, little affordable housing
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Give an example of an Urban Pioneer in Shoreditch. What did they create?
Stick Man. made a mural about the effects of gentrification (past present and future of Shoreditch) (alienation/isolation)
GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Does gentrification always follow 3 steps. Give a case study
No - Harborne, South west Birmingham. Never experienced stage1/artistic community
What does Redevelopment aim to do?
Bring people back into deindustrialised areas.
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
Where did redevelopment occur
Inner area of Birmingham
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What three main strategies have been used to redevelop Birmingham?
Brindley Place, ‘The big city plan’, 2022 Commonwealth Games
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was Brindley place developed? How much did it cost?
£200+ million. 1990s
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was ‘The big city plan’ launched? How much did it cost? How much did it transform?
2010, taking 20 years to complete, costing £10 billion, transforming 800 hectares
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was the Commonwealth games? How much did it cost?
2022, £700 million
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What did the ‘big city plan’ aim to do?
expand city core by 25%, extend walkways and canals, £600 million investment in new street station, investment in library, paradise circus and arena
What is re-urbanisation?
Movement of people back into urban areas that have previously experienced out migration
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What was Brindley place like in 1970s
Run down, derelict factories along canal
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was Brindley Place regenerated? How much did it cost? what did it develop?
1987, costing over £200million, leisure, commercial and residential
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is the NIA in Brindley Place? How many jobs did the NIA create?
Office and leisure developments. Over 10,000 jobs created
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was Symphony court created? How many houses created?
When was King Edward’s Wharf created? How many appartments?
completed in 1995, 143 houses
Completed in 2003, 243 apartments
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is Broad street?
Entertainment zone, within walking distance of new street, attract young, wealthy (office workers)
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is the main employment types in Brindley place? What does this mean for the working class of Ladywood?
Technology, Transport, Media, Banking (Specialised - Working class cannot be employed)
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What happens to house prices in Brindley place compared to Ladywood?
464% increase, less then 300m from one another
REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, have homes rented from the council?
Inside - 1%
Outside - 73%
Average - 9%
LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY
What is the local multiplier effect? What is two examples of this
growth in a component of the local economy from an initial investment in another part of the economy.
Broad street - redevelopment of Brindley place turned it from shops and services, to leisure (bars, restaurants and clubs). Mailbox - gentrified the old royal mail sorting office to appeal to demographic of Brindley place.
LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY
What shops are found in the Mailbox?
What is found in broad street?
Mailbox - designer brands, art galleries, restaurants/bars - Appeal to affluent
Broad street - Clubs, bars, restaurants, clubs
Both appeal to affluent population
Why are some CBDs still in decline?
Competition from retail online, Out of town shopping centres, CBD retail redevelopments in nearby settlements, Out of town office developments, entertainment complexes, COVID-19, cost of living crisis
Why has internet shopping increased? How does growth of internet retail effect CBDs?
improvements in technology
Saves time - more convenient, comparison shopping (prices and reviews), greater variety, cheaper (less labour/automation, stored in a warehouse)
How does out of town shopping centres and CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements effect CBDs? Why are these more popular?
less footfall in CBD, more variety in shops, can shop for different things in one go (purpose built).
Better accessibility, not weather dependent, free parking, safer (security guards)
CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What is the out of town shopping centre that effects Dudley? What is the CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements that effects Dudley? What is the out of town office development, what is it close to?
Merry Hill - 220 shops, 28 catering, 7000 free parking spaces, 98 busses an hour, 20million visitors a year
Waterfront (office) - 138 rooms, 600 seats, bars and restaurants, employs 3000 people, 600m from Merry hill
Bullring - 160 shops, 40 million visitors a year, metro from Dudley
CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
Due to a rise in online shops what businesses have closed in Dudley
Wilko, Woolworths
How did Covid impact highstreets?
Decrease in footfall, and services (cafes/restaurants). Spending drops to 80% of pre lockdown. Little commuters traveling to work, no day visitors, local residents did not invest in services.
235,000 jobs lost in covid, double the amount from 2018. - less footfall
Why has cost of living increased?
Invasion of Ukraine increasing oil prices, meaning fuel costs increases, so transporting goods becomes more expensive, meaning goods prices increases.
What is the effect of the cost of living?
People setting budgets in day to day life and over holidays. disposable incomes fell by 0.5% on average in 2022. Some prices of basic goods have increased by 50%
CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What ranking is Dudley in the vitality index? What does this mean for Dudley? What may have caused this?
500 out of 500, low quality retail offer (charity shops/vacant)
CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What two categories are reasons for decline
Impacting some areas (local)
Out of town shopping areas, Development of other urban centres in close proximity
Impacting national
Decline of high streets nationally, Rise in online shopping, COVID 19, Cost of living
CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What is Dudley investing in?
Investments in heritage (Charlton house)/tourism (castle). £6 million investment in market ‘modernising’. 3 Colleges
CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
Is Dudley likely o survive? Why?
no - council has not invested in right stuff. Instead of investing in heritage for tourists, shopping centres could be developed
Collages have lots of students, who will not be able to afford big purchases
