CP 1 Flashcards
What jobs did people in the black country have 100 years ago?
Farming, little machinery - more labour intensive
factories - making chains and glass
Coal mining
Why has employment in the Black Country changed?
Globalisation - movement of industry overseas
Mechanisation - machines replacing people’s jobs
less demand for agriculture/manufacturing - imports
What is primary industry?
Extraction of raw material from the ground or sea.
What is the secondary industry?
Manufacturing of goods using raw materials from the primary industry
Steel making, Car manufacturing, construction
What is the tertiary industry?
Provision of services to people or industries.
What is the tertiary sector split into
Private - Independent, paid services
Public - Government ran
What is the quaternary industry?
Knowledge based sector, information communication technology, research and development
What is the creative industries?
What does this fall under?
Jobs creating art
Quaternary industries
What is the pre-industrial phase?
What is employment like in this phase?
Before industry develops.
Dominated by primary sector, which begins to falls
Secondary and tertiary sectors increase
What is the Industrial phase?
What is employment like in this phase?
Many factories and services. Primary decreases . Secondary increases Tertiary increases
When was the industrial revolution in the UK?
1760
What is the post-industrial phase?
What is employment like in this phase?
Closure of factories, many jobs in tertiary. Emergence of quaternary sector. Tertiary increases, Secondary decreases, primary decreases
When was the deindustrialisation in the UK?
1950
When was the first census in the UK? what does this mean?
1841, meaning any graphs for the UK start in 1841, as we do not have any data from before then
What is an LEDC/LIC?
Low income country
Poorest countries - primary industries - pre industrial phase
What is a NIC/EE?
Emerging economies
Experiencing industrialisation - growth of secondary and tertiary sectors - industrial phase
What is a MEDC/HIC?
High income countries
Wealthiest countries - Tertiary and quaternary sectors - post-industrial phase
Is the Clarke fisher model reliable? Why?
No
Not all countries will follow the same pattern - landlocked vs not
There is exceptions from the model
There are different rates of development - China
Why does primary employment decline?
Depletion of resources, cheap imports, mechanisation, social change and value of primary industry, government policy
Why does secondary employment decline?
Globalisation, cheaper production in developing countries (Cheap labour, relaxed environmental laws, enterprise zones), Government policies.
What was the main primary industry in the UK?
Why?
Coal
accessible seams of coal
How many people were employed in coal mining in the 1920s UK
1.2 million
Why was the coal industry stopped in the UK?
difficult to access coal, cost of production, cheaper to import, Government policies, Social attitudes
What 3 countries was 96% of coal imported from in 2012
USA, Russia and Colombia
Who decided to close 20 coal mines? What year?
How many jobs were lost?
What did this lead to?
Margret Thatcher, 1984
20,000
Lead to miners strikes
As of what year does the UK produce more energy from renewables then coal
2017
Why has agricultural employment declined but production has remained the same?
Mechanisation - machines taking people’s jobs.
This means there needs to be less workers for the same output
Compare agricultural employment in 1841 and 2011
1841 - 22%
2011 - 1%
What is the process of secondary employment declining called?
Deindustrialisation
Compare secondary employment in the UK between 1966 and 2011
1966 - 8,940,000
2011 - 2,740,000
Why were certain areas of the UK better for certain products.
More suited to area, using the recourses from that area
Why has deindustrialisation occurred in the Uk? Sort into external and internal.
External
Globalisation, Multi-National companies, New technology
Internal
Loss of competitiveness, lack of investment, Human resources issues
What is globalisation?
Process of increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among countries and economies of the world.
What are Multi-National compaines?
global companies that dominate the global economy
Why do MNCs manufacture products in EEs
When did this start to occur in the UK?
Lower labour costs, Fewer employment laws, hard working/ educated workforce, cheaper land and construction costs, relaxed environmental laws, Export processing zones (Low levels of tax)
Uk - 1950
What is a RIC, compare it to a NIC
RIC - Recently industrialised country
NIC - Newley industrialised country
RIC is after NIC
CASE STUDY - Global shift
What is Dyson, and when was it founded?
tech company, specialising in air related products, founded in 1993
CASE STUDY- Global shift
Where did Dyson move manufacturing to, from where? When did Dyson move manufacturing?
Moved in 2002 to Malaysia from Malmsbury, UK
CASE STUDY- Global shift
Why did Dyson move manufacturing?
30% lower wages, skilled workers, Ability to sell to other countries.
CASE STUDY- Global shift
What has the movement of Dyson’s manufacturing caused?
222% increase in revenue, 90% of products are sold to other countries then the UK.
Creation of 13,000 jobs
What is an advantage of mechanisation?
Quality control, production can run 24/7, no wages or sick days needed
What is a industry that faces mechanisation? Give an example of a company.
Car manufacturing, Jaguar
Where were many factories built in the industrial revolution? What does this mean for modern factories?
By Canals, railways and roads, surrounded by back to back workers houses
HGVs cannot travel thorough narrow roads. Modern factories are near motorways, rural, allowing for easy transport of goods.
Why are outdated factories not updated, instead often left derelict?
Expensive, less expensive to build a factory by a motorway/cheap land
How do exchange rates impact the price of British manufactured goods for other countries to buy.
High exchange rates make British goods expensive, causing less to be sold.
CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
What is British Leyland, when was it formed, how many people did it employ, how many vehicles did it make per year.
Nationalised company, created from the merging of several car companies in 1975, employed 128,000 people, created over 1million vehicles per year.
CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
What problems did British Leyland face?
unionised workforce, 523 strikes in 30 months, affecting productivity, so many customers switched to other manufacturing. Appalling reliability, unhappy customers, bad reputation
CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
What is privatisation? What did this mean for British Leyland>
being brought, if a company could not make money or seek investment, they would have to close.
Austin or Triumph. Jaguar/Land rover were sold to TATA.
CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
How has Britain maintained a car industry, give example
Attracting FDI (foreign direct investment)
Toyota, Derby - 3800 employed.
CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry + Brexit
How many people are employed in the car industry in the UK? What does a no deal Brexit mean? What has happened to investments?
856,000, many people will be forced out of jobs, due to little demand. Investment has halved
CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry + Brexit
What percent of car exports from the UK are to countries in the EU.
0.539%
