Cows Flashcards
Mucosal disease, or alternatively, chronic Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) occurs in cattle when
A 5-month old calf which was persistently infected as a fetus with a non cytopathic (nonCPE) biotype of BVD virus is superinfected with a cytopathic (CPE) biotype of BVD due to rearranging of the parent non-CPE viral RNA
A beef cow presents for palpation at approximately 30 days gestation. Which positive sign of pregnancy will be present?Placentomes will be palpable starting between ____ days of gestation. The fetus itself will be palpable beginning at approximately ____ days gestation, but may be out of reach between months 4-7 of gestation. Uterine artery fremitus will be evident on the ipsilateral pregnant horn at about ___ days of gestation. From 7 months on, you can feel the fremitus bilaterally.Fremitus does not necessarily always indicate a viable pregnancy.
Chorioallantoic membrane slip. Placentomes will be palpable starting between 75-90 days of gestation. The fetus itself will be palpable beginning at approximately 60 days gestation, but may be out of reach between months 4-7 of gestation. Uterine artery fremitus will be evident on the ipsilateral pregnant horn at about 120 days of gestation. From 7 months on, you can feel the fremitus bilaterally.Fremitus does not necessarily always indicate a viable pregnancy.
the most common eye neoplasia in the cow is _____ and it causes significant economic loss due to shortened productive life and condemnation at slaughter.
SCC. The etiology is multifactorial but is believed to have a heritable component as well as association with sunlight, eyelid pigmentation, and nutrition.
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) case in a farm. What are the clinical signs and what should you do about it
fever, nasal discharge, cough, increased RR, swollen vulva with erosions and ulcers. Vaccinate all cattle with intranasal vaccine against the virus and treat sick animals with intramuscular procaine penicillin for 3 days
What is the meat withdrawal (in days) for xylazine, tolazoline, lidocaine, and meloxicam, respectively?
4, 8, 4, 15
Blue green algae toxicity
The fact that they died right next to the pond and the species affected are key factors. Unfortunately, vague presentations are likely to be common on board examinations. Any living animals would have miosis, ptyalism, bradycardia, and diarrhea as potential clinical signs. The algae produces toxins that are absorbed through mucous membranes and cause a post-synaptic depolarizing block. Affected animals can die within minutes of drinking the water. As little as 1.5L can kill a cow.
deficiency of ______ will cause accumulation of 2-keto-3-methylvaleric, 2-ketoisocaproic, and 2-isovaleric acids along with their precursors isoleucine, leucine, and valine. These are excreted in the urine and result in a burnt maple syrup smell (hence the name Maple syrup urine dz ).
Branched-chain ketoacid decarboxylase
At what period in production does displaced abomasum most commonly occur in dairy cows?
First four weeks postpartum. Due to the increased metabolic demands from lactation, the diet changes drastically, and more gas is produced in the abomasum. Dairy cows often undergo a period of clinical or subclinical hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia predisposes to decreased abomasal motility and may be a factor contributing to displacement (especially since there is more gas to move).
The ranch is located on soils of volcanic origin in northeastern California. What is up with this soil that can cause beef cattle of all ages to have poor growth or weight loss, diarrhea, and washed-out hair coat colors
Soils of this type are often high in molybdenum and borderline low in copper, as well as often having alkaline water high in sulfates. The molybdenum and sulfates bind the little available dietary copper and make it biologically unavailable, resulting in copper deficiency secondary to high molybdenum. Signs of copper deficiency include achromotrichia (washed-out hair color), poor growth/weight loss, and diarrhea. Abnormal bone growth or spontaneous fractures can also be observed in some herds.
Fusion of fetal membranes between a male and female set of beef cow twins will cause a ___________.
The correct answer is freemartin. A freemartin results from exposure of the female to Mullerian inhibiting hormone which is being secreted by the male. She is exposed as a result of anastomosis between the two fetus’s chorioallantoic vessels. Clinical signs include an abnormal ano-genital distance and an enlarged clitoris.
T/F Congenital ventricular septal defect is one of the most commonly encountered congenital cardiac defects in cattle.
true
How long does this stuff last? -penicillin in milk and tissue -tetracycline in milk
-up to 80 hours for penicillin in milk and 12days in tissue -96 hours for tetracycline in milk
Polioencephalomalacia clinical signs and what is it caused by?
Polioencephalomalacia is more likely to present with stargazing, head pressing, depression, and blindness. Polioencephalomalacia is caused by a thiamine deficiency.
When formulating late gestation anionic diets for dairy cows to help prevent hypocalcemia in the last 2 to 3 weeks prior to calving, what formula is used?
DCAD = (Na + K) - (Cl + S)
Dermatophilus congolensis causes :
crusty lesions, usually along the spine, which are usually due to and exacerbated by damp conditions.
what does vit. C deficiency cause in ruminants ?
Vitamin C deficiency is very rare in ruminants and may cause crusting, alopecia, and pruritus.
Lead toxicity will lead to ______ clinical signs
Lead toxicity will lead to neurological clinical signs
signs of copper deficiency in cattle
Achromotrichia (means an absence of pigment in the hair, so a black animal would develop reddish hair). Other clinical signs of copper deficiency can include diarrhea, poor body condition, lameness, anemia, and infertility.
is it ok to give Chloramphenicol to food animals ?
nope
how long do these drugs last in the meat of beef cattle? -Ceftiofur or Naxcel -Oxytetracline (LA200) -Sulfadimethoxine -Penicillin G
-Ceftiofur or Naxcel: 4 days -Oxytetracline (LA200): 28 days -Sulfadimethoxine : 7 days -Penicillin G : 10 days.
Over 80% of foot disease involving the digits involves the (rear/front) digits. Additionally, approximately 85% of these involve the lateral aspect.
Over 80% of foot disease involving the digits involves the rear digits. Additionally, approximately 85% of these involve the lateral aspect.
Actinomyces bovis or “lumpy jaw” clinical signs
firm mass that is immobile over the mandible, presence of “sulfur granules” in the discharge, weight loss and difficulty eating. Tx can include penicillin but cow should be culled if bad enought
Ostertagia ostertagii “brown stomach worm” causes what
abomasum has cobblestone appearance which is also sometimes described as having a Moroccon leather appearance. This occurs because Ostertagia larva undergo hypobiosis (larval inhibition) and lay dormant in the early fourth larval stage within the glands of the abomasum, forming the nodules. Massive diarrhea
e.coli symptoms in cows
none
Cochliomyia hominivorax is the _____ worm and it looks like :
This fly is also known as the screwworm. Females lay hundreds of eggs at the edge of fresh wounds on the cow; the larvae hatch in approximately 24 hours. As the larvae eat the living tissue, they create a huge wound. Screwworm larvae then fall off and pupate, completing their life cycle in approximately 21 days. This fly is reportable! and looks metallic blue-green colored
Illness in young calves caused by Eimeria sp. is best treated with :
Amprolium
Actinomyces bovis is the cause of _____
Actinomyces bovis is the cause of lumpy jaw.
T/F Arcanobacterium pyogenes may cause laryngeal abscesses, however affected animals are not febrile and septic.
true
Fusobacterium necrophorum (aka calf diphtheria or necrotic laryngitis) clinical signs
moist, painful cough and a loud inspiratory stridor. head and neck extension. swelling around the larynx, and ozena. fever and episcleral injection. On palpation of the larynx, a cough is easily elicited along with pain and increased stridor.
Spastic paresis . What is it/signs
Spastic paresis, also known as Elso heel, affects cattle of many breeds (as well as pygmy goats) beginning from three weeks to 1 year of age. It is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors which somehow cause over stimulation of the gamma motor neurons of the spinal cord. constant hypertonia of extensors of the rear limbs when standing and difficulty getting up
Gossypol causes….
Gossypol is a cardiotoxin and can kill calves less than 4 months of age. In adults, if fed at high levels, it usually causes sterility in bulls and decreased conception in cows.
Moldy sweet clover causes….
Moldy sweet clover inhibits vitamin K and causes a coagulopathy.
Tansy ragwort causes….
Tansy ragwort is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid and causes liver disease.
Sudan grass causes
Nitrate toxicosis which leads to methemoglobinemia, in which the blood appears chocolate brown. As a result, the oxygen carrying capacity and delivery is greatly reduced and the animal may die. Methylene blue is usually administered IV as a 1% to 4% solution, with a total dose of 4 to 15 mg/kg body weight to cattle, for treating nitrate toxicosis.
permanent incisors in cows age
A good rule of thumb is that the permanent incisors are in wear at 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 years of age (permanent incisors 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively).
what is the best test to detect Ab on a herd basis?
ELISA
A necropsy of an aborted bovine fetus shows enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, destructive lesions to the thymus, and evidence of chronic granulomatous infection. What is the most likely cause of this abortion?
The correct answer is epizootic bovine abortion (EBA), also called foothill abortion. This is an important disease of heifers and newly introduced cows in California foothills. The lesions are consistent with this diagnosis. The etiologic agent of EBA has yet to be identified, however we know that the vector is a tick, Ornithodoros coriaceus. T. foetus is involved with early embryonic death. Brucellosis abortions are pretty rare since it has virtually been eradicated from the U.S., but lesions include autolysis, placentitis, and bronchopneumonia. IBR causes rapid fetal death, therefore there is essentially no time for fetal response, so you are likely to see autolysis and focal necrosis of the organs.
Which of the following is the primary host for pseudorabies? Cattle Sheep Goats Horses Swine
The correct answer is swine. The infection is frequently asymptomatic in swine. In ruminants, clinical signs are usually acute to peracute. When the progression is slower, the first clinical signs are often paresthesia (mad-itch) at the site of inoculation. Signs include ataxia, proprioceptive deficits, circling, nystagmus, and strabismus. Sometimes aggression is seen, but usually the animals become depressed. This disease must be differentiated from rabies, polioencephalomalacia, salt poisoning, lead poisoning, hypomagnesemia, and meningitis. Currently the US commercial swine is free of pseudorabies.
Once you see an egg count between ___-____ per gram, with or without compatible clinical signs, you should consider deworming. That is the level at which weight gains in growing calves will begin to be affected.
300-400
how and when to tx Hypoderma
They undergo a long migration in tissues and only emerge from the back of the animal in spring. The crucial treatment time is early fall when larvae are just beginning to migrate in tissues. Organophosphates or one of the macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin or moxidectin) are effective.
Which of the following is not a zoonotic pathogen shed in cow milk? -Brucella abortus -Salmonella dublin -Listeria monocytogenes -Campylobacter fetus ssp venerealis - Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis
The correct answer is Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis, which is the main cause of bovine campylobacteriosis but is not shed in milk. This organism is an obligate parasite of the bovine genital tract and causes abortion. Infection usually results in temporary infertility or early embryonic death.
what clinical signs are associated with bovine pyometra?
few, if any
A calf is 3 days old and is low on IgG …. what do you do?
give 20-40ml/kg plasma since its too late for colostrum