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Exam V > Counterinsurgency Measures > Flashcards

Counterinsurgency Measures Flashcards

1
Q

Define insurgency?

A

An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict.

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2
Q

Define insurgent?

A

Member of an insurgency.

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3
Q

Define guerrilla?

A

The overt military aspect of the insurgency.

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4
Q

Define terrorists?

A

One who uses violence or the threat of violence to create fear; the intent is to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.

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5
Q

Are terrorism & guerrilla warfare techniques employed together in pursuit of an overall insurgent strategy?

A

They may or many not be.

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6
Q

Are guerrillas a subcomponent of an insurgency?

A

Yes, they work overtly towards the goals of that insurgency.

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7
Q

What are some aspects of an insurgency?

A

It is typically a form of internal war, one that occurs primarily w/in a state & has at least some elements of civil war.

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8
Q

Insurgency goals fall between 2 extremes. What are they?

A
  1. To overthrow the existing social order.

2. Reallocate power w/in a single state, or break away from state control & form an autonomous entity.

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9
Q

How is terrorism employed?

A

It can be employed independently or as a part of an insurgency (by guerrilla forces or not).

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10
Q

What do terrorists goals typically focus on?

A

Broader idealogical goals.

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11
Q

In all cases, insurgents aim to force what?

A

Political change. Military action is secondary & subordinate.

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12
Q

To understand methods to counter insurgency we must identify what?

A
  1. Root cause(s) of the insurgency (their motivator).
  2. Extend to which the insurgency enjoys internal & external support (material/tactical).
  3. Basis on which insurgents appeal to the target population (issues that appeal to population).
  4. Insurgents’ motivation & depth of commitment.
  5. Likely insurgent weapons & tactics (small arms/IED’s/HMG).
  6. Operational environment in which insurgents seek to initiate & develop their campaign & strategy.
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13
Q

What are some insurgent approaches?

A
  1. Conspiratorial (few key leaders small militant cadre).
  2. Military-focuses (create revolutionary possibilities or to seize power by force).
  3. Urban (terrorism waged by small, independent cells requires little to no popular support).
  4. Protracted popular war (uses popular support & asymmetry to try political will of the state).
  5. Identify-focused (mobilizes support based on the common identity of religious affiliation, clan, tribe, or ethnic group).
  6. Composite & coalition (different approaches at different times by applying tactical advantage of circumstances).
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14
Q

What is the primary struggle in an internal war?

A

To mobilize people in a struggle for political & legitimacy.

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15
Q

What are mobilization means?

A
  1. Persuasion: turmoil, political, social, security, & economic benefits can often persuade one side or the other.
  2. Coercion: coercive force to provide security for people or intimidate them & the legitimate security forces into active/passive support.
  3. Reaction to abuses: firmness by security forces is often necessary to establish a secure environment.
  4. Foreign support: provide expertise, int’l legitimacy, & money to start/intensify conflict.
  5. Apolitical motivations: criminals, mercenaries & individuals inspired by the image of revolutionary or holy war.
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16
Q

Define an insurgencies’ cause?

A

A principle or movement militantly defended or supported.

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17
Q

How do insurgents attract the local population?

A

They attract supporters by appealing to local grievances; then lure followers into broader movements.

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18
Q

What must successful COIN operations address?

A

They must address legitimate grievances insurgents use to generate popular separate.

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19
Q

What are the different elements of an insurgency?

A
  1. Movement leaders
  2. Combatants
  3. Political Cadre
  4. Auxiliaries
  5. Mass base
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20
Q

Define movement leaders?

A

Provide strategic direction to the insurgency. Usually exercise leadership through force of personality, power of revolutionary ideas, & personal charisma.

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21
Q

Define combatants?

A

Do the actual fighting & provide security. Exists only to support the insurgency’s broader political agenda & to maintain local control.

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22
Q

Define political cadre?

A

Forms the political core of the insurgency; actively engaged in the struggle to accomplish the insurgent goals & implement guidance & procedures provided by mvmt leaders.

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23
Q

Define auxiliaires?

A

Active followers who don’t participate in combat operations but provide important support services such as running safe houses, storing weapons, & supplies.

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24
Q

Define mass bases?

A

Consists of the followers of the insurgent movement, supporting populace; may continue in their normal positions or lead clandestine lives for the insurgent movement.

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25
Q

What is used by counterinsurgents to assess insurgencies strengths & weaknesses?

A

‘Dynamics’ of an insurgency.

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26
Q

What are the different dynamics of an insurgency?

A
  1. Leadership
  2. Objectives
  3. Ideology & Narrative
  4. Environment & Geography
  5. External support & Sanctuaries
  6. Phasing & Timing
  7. Strategic Initiative (Insurgents) vs Advantage in Resources (State)
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27
Q

Define leadership?

A

Directed & focused violence aimed at achieving a political objective. Requires leadership for vision, direction, guidance, coordination, & organization. Key tasks are to break ties between people & gov’t.

28
Q

Define objectives?

A

Requires identifying strategic (insurgents desired end state), operational (pursue to destroy gov’t legitimacy & progressively establish desired end state), & tactical (immediate aims of insurgent acts. Objectives can be psychological/physical.

29
Q

Define ideology & narrative?

A

Explains its followers’ difficulties & provides a means to remedy those ills. Most powerful ideologies tap latent, emotional concerns.
Narratives are the central mechanism through which ideologies are expressed & absorbed. Is an organization scheme expressed in story form.

30
Q

Define environment & geography?

A

Affect all participants in a conflict; most noticeably at the tactical level where they influence all tactics, techniques, & procedures.

31
Q

Define external support & sanctuaries?

A

External support can provide political, psychological, & material resources that might be limited or unavailable.
Sanctuaries were physical safe havens, but can also be ‘virtual’ sanctuaries on the internet, global financial systems, & int’l media.

32
Q

Define phasing & timing?

A

Insurgencies pass through common phases of development; progression through all phases isn’t required for success. May be in different phases in different parts of a country.

33
Q

What’s the difference between Strategic Initiative vs Advantage in Resources?

A

Strategic initiative: where insurgents initiate the conflict, choosing the ground & terms on which to engage the state. Aimed at showing gov’t vulnerability & building popular support.
Adv in Resources: state usually has a tremendous advantage (military personnel, equipment, police force, funds). This adv is counterbalanced by maintaining order, protect the population, & critical resources.

34
Q

Mao defined 3 different Development phases of insurgency we use in our doctrine. What are they?

A

Phase I: Latent & Incipient
Phase II: Guerrilla Warfare
Phase III: War of Movement

35
Q

Define latent & incipient?

A

Insurgency is most vulnerable. Insurgents are gathering strength & mostly lay low. Violent acts are selected carefully for success. Infrastructure is being developed in this stage.

36
Q

Define guerrilla warfare?

A

Characterized by overt political & military action. Doesn’t match the regime in strength. Rapid, careful attacks focusing on surprise, minimizing own losses, & highlighting regime’s inability to provide security for its people.

37
Q

Define war of movement?

A

Insurgency capable of both ministering to the needs of the people & waging conventional warfare. Guerrilla forces still active but are complemented by conventional formations.

38
Q

What 2 economists advanced the view of looking at an insurgency as a system?

A

Leites & Wolfe

39
Q

What does the supply-side mode of insurgency look like?

A

Input->Conversion Mechanisms->

40
Q

What are the sources of input?

A

Internal & external

41
Q

What is an example of conversion mechanisms?

A

Training an IED cell

42
Q

What is an example of output?

A

Insurgent activities

43
Q

What is the endstate of counterinsurgency campaign plan?

A

The establishment or sustainment of the rule of law.

44
Q

Define the rule of law?

A

A gov’t that derives its powers from the governed. Sustainable security institutions. Fundamental human rights.

45
Q

What is the true endstate of a counterinsurgency campaign plan?

A

To achieve active participation of the populace in the host nation’s gov’t, & draw them away from the insurgent.

46
Q

What is the long term objective of counterinsurgency campaign plan?

A

Acceptance of one side’s claim to political power by the people of the state or region.

47
Q

When is victory achieved in a long term counterinsurgency plan?

A

When the populace consents to the govt’s legitimacy & stops actively & passively supporting the insurgency.

48
Q

What is the primary objective of any COIN operation?

A

To foster the development of effective governance by a legitimate gov’t.

49
Q

What do gov’ts described as ‘legitimate’ primarily rule by?

A

The consent of the governed.

50
Q

In Western liberal tradition where does a gov’t derive its just powers from?

A

The people & responds to their desires while looking out for their welfare.

51
Q

What do Theocratic societies fuse?

A

Political & religious authority.

52
Q

What did Medieval monarchies claim?

A

The divine right of kings.

53
Q

What did Imperial China govern by?

A

The mandate of heaven.

54
Q

What has Iran operated under since 1979?

A

Rule of the jurists (theocratic judges).

55
Q

What are indicators of legitimacy?

A
  1. Ability to provide security for the populace.
  2. Selection of leaders at a frequency & in a manner considered just & fair by a substantial majority of the populace (West vs non-West).
  3. High level of popular participation in or support for political processes.
  4. Culturally acceptable level of corruption.
  5. Culturally acceptable level & rate of political, economic, & social development.
  6. High level of regime acceptance by major social institutions.
56
Q

What is a major factor in assuring voluntary acceptance of a govt’s authority (legitimacy)?

A

The presence of the rule of law.

57
Q

What is the cornerstone of any COIN effort?

A

Establishing security for the civilian populace; one that allows for follow-on political & social progress/reforms.

58
Q

What are effective operations shaped by?

A

Timely, specific, & reliable intelligence, gathered & analyzed at the lowest possible level.

59
Q

What are some tactical level imperatives of counterinsurgency?

A
  1. Manage information & expectations
  2. Use appropriate level of force
  3. Proportion of effort
60
Q

What is the defensive buffer?

A

Those things which prevent the insurgency from gaining legitimacy from their outputs, through such things as propaganda or through use of the information operations.

61
Q

What is the 5th counterinsurgency strategy?

A

Internal Defense & Development (IDAD)

62
Q

What is the IDAD strategy?

A

The full range of measures taken by a nation to promote its growth and to protect itself from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency.

63
Q

What does the IDAD strategy focus on?

A

Building viable political, economic, military, and social institutions that respond to the needs of society.

64
Q

What is the IDAD fundamental goal?

A

To prevent an insurgency by forestalling & defeating the threat & by working to correct conditions that prompt violence.

65
Q

When is IDAD primarily used?

A

By a nation to defend itself, ideally preemptive.

66
Q

In order for IDAD strategy to work what must a host nation utilize?

A

All the elements of National Power, referred to as DIME (Diplomatic, Information, Military, & Economic).

67
Q

What are the principles of IDAD strategy?

A
  1. Unit of effort
  2. Maximum use of intelligence
  3. Maximim use of PSYOP & CA
  4. Minimum use of violence
  5. Responsive government

Exam V (8 decks)

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