Counselling Psychology Flashcards
What is the best recommendation on seeing a psychologist for someone with a mental health problem?
Either Counseling or Clinical Psychologist. Only difference is the medicare rebate $88 vs $124
What is shame?
Conscious emotion where we feel we a living negatively in the mind of others
People are more likely to disclose secrets to you if you have high ratings of what?
Compassion
The higher your compassion, the higher the number of secrets
What are the 3 aspects of Bodins model of therapy?
- Bond
- Task
- Goal
In Borden’s model of therapy, what does bond entail?
It’s The affective quality of the relationship (eg non verbal communication) and the degree of the clients perceived safety
In Borden’s model of therapy, what does goal entail?
Agreement on general objectives
In Borden’s model of therapy, what does task entail?
The agreement on specific activities
What question did Gordon Paul ask regarding scientist-practitioner approach to counseling?
Which treatment, prescribed by whom, and in which circumstances, is the most effective for this particular individual with this specific problem?
What evidence based practices do counselling psychologists engage in?
- Validated assessment measures
- Evaluated therapies
- Track clients through sessions (active scientist-practitioners)
How do psychologists track clients throughout sessions?
Multiple time points (1st, 6th and 10th)
Every session measures on:
- outcome questionnaire
- outcome rating scale and session rating scale
List 3 evidence based types of measures counselling psychologists use to track patients
- Self report measures
- Per session tracking
- Self monitoring
List 2 self report measures used by counselling psychologists
- DASS (depression anxiety stress scales)
2. Beck depression inventory
List 2 per session tracking measures used by counselling psychologists
- Outcome rating scale ORS
2. Session rating scale SRS
Give a self monitoring measure used by counselling psychologists
Thought diary
What does Neuropsychology assessment assess? (List 4)
Cognitive based problems
- Verbal and performance functioning
- Attention
- Intelligence/academic performance
- Working Memory
What are the 2 manuals used to make classification diagnoses?
- DSM-5
2. ICD-10 (hospitals)
What is a randomised Control trial?
A study in which people are allocated at randomised to conditions one of which is a Control
What is the efficacy of a treatment determined by?
Clinical trials in which many variables are carefully controlled in order to demonstrate that the relationship between the treatment and outcome are relatively unambiguous
Tested under ideal conditions
Effect sizes are based on differences between the treatment and control groups
What do efficacy studies emphasise?
The internal validity of the experimental design
- controlling types of patients included
- using manuals to standardise treatment delivery
- training and monitoring therapists
- controlling number of treatment it
- random assignment to conditions and blind raters
List 5 ways efficacy studies can ensure internal validity
- controlling types of patients included
- using manuals to standardise treatment delivery
- training and monitoring therapists
- controlling number of treatment it
- random assignment to conditions and blind raters
What set of guidelines do efficacy studies have to follow?
CONSORT guidelines
What is an effectiveness study?
The effectiveness of a treatment is considered in real life clinical situations
Are effectiveness studies results impressive?
No but more generalisable
What do effectiveness studies emphasise?
External validity of experimental designs.
- clients not preselected
- treatment sessions not controlled
- therapy not manualised
- therapist adherence not monitored
In an effectiveness study, what is the effect size generally based on?
Within subject changes from pre to post intervention
What are Empirically supported treatments (evidence based treatments/practices)?
Treatments and therapies that have research based medical and scientific evidence showing that they work
What is the process to go see a psychologist?
- First go to GP
- Referred to a psychologist
- Have to deliver an evidence based treatment
- After 6 sessions refer back to GP
- Can get an additional 4 sessions if necessary
(Maximum 10 per calendar year)
What is the Medicare rebate for clinical and counselling psychologists?
Clinical-$124
Counselling-$84
What may explain the similarities among outcomes in different psycho therapies?
There are commonalities or common factors among therapies that are the real curative factors
These account for a substantial amount of improvement
What did Lambert & Bartley (2001) and Duncan & Miller (1999) find concerning the percentages of why people improve in therapy?
40% is extra therapeutic (stuff the client brings)
30% is therapeutic alliance
15% expectancy effect
15% techniques
What is the most often cited common factor for improvements in therapy?
The therapeutic relationship or the therapeutic alliance
What do researchers maintain accounts for more variability in therapeutic outcomes than any specific factors based on theoretical approaches?
The therapeutic alliance
What did Rogers believe was the 5 key concepts for therapeutic change?
- Positive regard
- Genuineness
- Empathy
- Openness
- Curiosity
What is the role of therapy?
To help the person narrate their story with curiosity and Socratic dialogues
Hear a story and mindfully reflect noticing themes and patterns
Move towards a collaborative, shared emergent, ongoing formulation with guided discovery
What are Socratic questions?
Socratic questions are advanced open questions that enable and encourage the patient to discover connections in their meaning making
What were Socratic questions designed for?
To help clients explore in more detail their meanings and the implications of what they are saying
4 examples of Socratic questions
- What did that mean to you?
- What did you make of that?
- What do you think will happen next?
- What is your worst fear in this situation?
What is Guided Discovery?
A form of exploration with the intention/result of discovering something new- making connections or reframing
List 2 types of questions to ask when encouraging an explorative journey
- Let’s imagine that …..
2. What might be your greatest fear if you…..
What micro skills are involved in the Basic Listening Sequence (7)?
- Open/closed questions
- Encouragers
- Paraphrasing
- Summarisation
- Clarification
- Reflection of feeling
- Reflection of Meaning
What do basic listening skills help create?
A safe and gentle pace- slow down
Why is alliance (psychologist/patient) fragile?
Patient shame and relentless self attacking
What can a psychologist use to create safeness?
Use soft voice and body language
Example of a Reflection of emotion statement
Sounds as if her offer made you pretty anxious
Example of Reflection of Emotion statement
Sounds as if her offer made you irritated
What is Reflection of Emotion?
Simply interpreted and reflecting on feelings
What does Reflection of Emotion enable the therapist to do?
Convey their understanding and awareness of the clients internal experience and build empathy
A step towards acknowledgement and validation
What happens if a therapist moves too fast to help the client reflect on feelings?
Interpreted as Unempathetic
What is compassion?
Compassion is an awareness and sensitivity to the suffering of self and others with a commitment to try and alleviate and prevent it
What is compassion based therapy?
An approach to psychotherapy that is:
- Focused on the therapeutic relationship
- Can be applied to any therapy modality
Compassion based therapy is underpinned by what 2 models?
- Evolutionary model
2. Neuro, affective and developmental psychology
What are 5. Unique elements of compassion based therapy?
- Psychoeducation - the tricky brain
- Model of affect regulation
- Evolutionary Functional Analysis to case conceptualisation
- Building of compassion focused motives as an organising system
- Works with fears, blocks and resistance to compassion and positive emotions
What is the basic philosophy behind compassion based therapy?
See clearly into the cause of suffering:
- we are all just here and have to figure it out
- life involves dealing with tragedy
- what goes on in our mind is design not our fault
- we are all in same boat
- the wisdom of no blame but the desire to take responsibility
What are the 2 main elements of developing a compassionate mind?
- Sensitivity to the suffering of others
- turning towards and connecting with difficult experiences COURAGE - With a commitment to try and relieve it
Relieve distress using strength care and wisdom DEDICATION
What are the 3 aspects involved in the interactive flow of compassion?
- Self compassion
- Compassion to others
- Compassion from others
What 3 components are involved in the 3 circles model & motivation for compassion?
- Drive and Achievement
- Soothing and connection
- Threat and self protection
