correction midterm Flashcards
corrections
the variety of programs services facilities and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses
social control
action and practices of individuals and institutions designed to induce conformity with the norms and rules of society
system
a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts rose operations are directed toward common foals and are influenced by the environment in which they function
federalism
a system o government in which power and responsibility are divided between a national government and state governments
prison
an institutions for ht incarceration of people convicted o serious crimes usually felonies
jail
a facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours
probation
an agency that supervises the community adjustment of people who are convicted of crimes but are not sentenced to confinement in prison or jail
intermediate sanction
a variety of punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration
parole
a system of supervision of those who have been released from confinement sometimes including the option of early release from confinement before the expiration of the sentence
private prison
the operation of a prison by a private company under contract with a local state or the federal government often as a for profit business
penitentiary
an institution intended to isolate prisoners form society and form one another so that they could reflect entire past misdeeds repentant thus undergo reformation
separate confinement
a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from the inmates with all activities including craft work carried on in the cell
congregate system
a penitentiary system developed in auburn New York in which inmates were held in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence
lease system
a system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor
mark system
a system in which offenders are assessed a certain number of points at the time of sentencing based on the seedy of their crime
reformatory
an institution or young offenders that emphasized training a mark system of classification indeterminate sentences and parole
positivist school
an approach to criminology and other social sciences base don the assumption that human behavior in a product of social economic biological and psychological factors that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior
medical model
a model of correction based on teh assumption that criminal behavior is caused bye ocial psychological or biological deficiency that require treatment
community correction
a model of correction based on the assumption that reintegrating the offender into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system
crime control model
a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by increased use of incarceration and the forms of strict supervisor
evidence based corrections
a movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are base d on research evidence about “what works”
justice reinvestment
a movement in which money saved by reducingg prions populations is used prison populations issued to build up crime prevention programs in the community
lex talionis
law of retaliation the principle that punishment should correspondd in degree and kind to the offense (an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth)
enlightenment age of reason
the 1700s in Europe when concepts of liberalism rationality equality and individualism dominated social and political thinking
utilitarianism
the doctrine that the aim of alll action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain hence the belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted
retribution
punishment inflicted on a person who has infringed the right of there and so deserves to be penalized
general deterrence
punishment of criminal that is intended to be an example to the general public and other discourage crime by others
specific deterrence
punishment inflicted on criminals to discourage them form committing future crimes
incapacitation
depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes usually by detaining the offender in prison
selective incapacitation
making the best use of expensive and limited prison space by targeting for incarceration those offenders whose incapacity will doth most to reduce crime in society
rehabilitation
the goal of restoring the convicted offender to a constructive place in society through vocational training educational services and/or therapy
restoration
punishment designed to repair the dame done to the victim and community by an offenders criminal act
indeterminate sentence
a period of incarceration with minimum and maximum terms stipulated so that parole eligibility depends on the time necessary for treatment
determinate sentence
a mixed period of incarceration imposed by a court determinate sentence are associated with the concept of retribution
presumptive sentence
a sentence for which the legislature or a commission sets a minimum and maximum range of months to years
mandatory sentence
a sentence stipulation that some minimum period of incarceration must be served by people convicted of selected crimes regardless of background or circumstances
good time
a reduction of an inmates prison sentence at the discretion of the prison administrator for good behavior or for participation in vocational educational and treatment programs
intermediate sanctions
punishment that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration
probation
a sentence allowing the offender to serve the sanctions imposed by the court while living in the community under supervision
shock probation
a sentence in which the offender is released after a short incarceration and resentenced to probation
blameworthiness
the amount of blame the offender deserves for the crime
resentence report
a report prepared by a probation officer who investigates a convicted offenders background to help the judge select and appropriate sentence
sentencing guideline
an instrument developed for judges indicating the usual sanctions given previously to particular offense
sentencing disparity
divergence in. the length and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or of crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned
wrongful conviction
a conviction that occurs when an innocent person is found guilty be either plea or verdict
lock up
a facility authorized to hold people before court appearance for up to 48 hours
fee system
a system by which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day of reach prisoner held
regional jail
facility operated under joint agreement between tow or more government unit with a jail board drawn form representatives of the participating jurisdiction and have varying authority over policy budget operations and personnel
bail
an amount of money specified by a judge to eb posted as a condition for pretrial release to ensure the appearance of the accused in court
bondsman
an independent businessperson who provides bail money for a fee usually 5-10 percent of the total
release on recognition
pretrial release because the judge believes that the defendants ties in the community are sufficient to guarantee the defendants appearance in court
day reporting center
facility where offenders such as pretrial releases and probation violation attend daylong intervention and treatment sessions
electronic monitoring
community supervision technique ordinarily combined with home confinement that uses electronic devices to maintain surveilance on offender
pretrail diversion
an alternative to adujucation in which the defendant agrees to conditions by the prosecution in exchange for withdrawal of charges
absconder
people who fail to appear for a court date and have no legitimate reason for dong so
resentence detention
detention of an accused person in jail to protect the community for crimes that the accused is considered likely to commit if set free pending trial
new generation jail
a facility with a modular architectural design and management polices that emphasize integration of inmates and Staff and provision of service
podular unit
self contained living areas for 12-25 inmates composed of individual cells for privacy and open areas for social interaction
direct supervison
a method of correctional supervision in whihc staff members have direct physical interaction with inmates throughout the day
judicial reprieve
a practice under English common law whereby a judge could suspend the imposition of execustio of sentence on condition of good behavior on teh part of the offender
recognizance
a formally recorded obligation to perform some act entered by a judge to permit an offender to live in the community often after posting a sum of money as surety which would be forfeited by nonappearance
reintegration model
the belief that crime is cause by poverty inequality and lack of opportunity
intermediate sanctions
a variety of punishment s that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration
continuum of sanctions
a range of correctional management strategies based on teh degree of intrusiveness and control over the offender along which an offender along which an offender is moved based on his or her response to correctional programs
day fine
a criminal penalty based on the amount of income that an offender earns in a days work
forfeiture
government seizure of property and other assets derived from ro used in criminal activity
community service
compensation for injury to society by teh performance of service in the community
restitution
compensation for financial physical or emotional loss cause by an offender in the form of either payment o money to the victim or to a public fund for crime victims as stipulated by the court
drug court
a specialized way of handling drug involved offenders in which the court takes a more active role in the probationers progress while the probationer is under supervisor
probation center
residential facility where persistent probation violators are sent for sort periods of time
restitution center
facility where probationers who fail behind in restitution present to make payment son their debt
intensive superiviosn probation
probation granted with conditions o strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload
home confinement
sentence whereby offenders serve terms of incarceration in their own homes
shock incarceration
a short period of incarceration followed by a. sentence reduction
boot camp
a physically rigorous discipline and demanding regimen emphasizing conditioning education and job training that is designed for young offender
principle of interchangeability
the idea that different forms of intermediate sanctions can be calibrated tome them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach
justice reinvestment
savings for community corrections used to help build up the crime prevention programs in communities that have the most people under community supervisor
