Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Question 1

What is the usual cause of CAD?

Answer 1

Atherosclerotic plaque.

Question 2

What are some symptoms of CAD?

Answer 2

May be asymptomatic or may lead to angina, acute coronary syndrome, MI, dysrhythmias, HF, or sudden death.

Question 3

What is angina?

Answer 3

Chest pain resulting from reduced coronary blood flow, which causes an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand.

Question 4

What are some common things that increases myocardial oxygen demand, precipitating angina?

Answer 4

Exercise, thyrotoxicosis, cocaine, hyperthyroidism, emotional stress.

Question 5

What are some things that cause angina?

Answer 5

Anemia, HF, ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary diseases.

Question 6

what is acute coronary syndrome

Answer 6

a condition of unstable cardiac ischemia. ACS includes unstable angina and acute myocardial ischaemia

Question 7

what is coronary artery disease

Answer 7

CAD is an umbrella term for any state that causes occlusion of the coronary arteries. this includes MI, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia.

Question 8

pathophysiology of CAD

Answer 8

deposits of cholesterol and lipids within the intimak wall of the artery

Question 9

what are three non modifiable risk factors for CAD?

Answer 9

1. Age: men over 45 years and women over 55 years.
2. Gender
3. Heredity

Question 10

what are modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease?

Answer 10

1. Hyper lipidemia
2. Hypertension
3. Diabetes
4. premature menopause

Question 11

what are some lifestyle risk factors associated with coronary artery disease?

Answer 11

1. Cigarette smoking
2. Obesity
3. Physical inactivity
4. Atherogenic diet
5. Oral contraceptives 6. Hormone replacement

Question 12

why is hypertension a risk factor for coronary artery disease

Answer 12

hypertension damages the endothelial cells of arteries, possibly by excess pressure and altered characteristics of blood flow

Question 13

patient teaching related to hypertension

Answer 13

1. Regular blood pressure check ups 2. Adequate blood pressure medications 3. Reduce sodium intake
2. Stop smoking
3. lose weight
4. Exercise regularly

Question 14

how is cigarette smoking a contributor to coronary artery disease?

Answer 14

carbon monoxide damages vascular endothelium, promoting cholesterol deposition. nicotine stimulates catecholamine release, increasing BP, HR, and myocardial oxygen use. nicotine also constricts arteries

Question 15

characteristics of metabolic syndrome

Answer 15

1. Abdominal obesity
2. Abnormal blood lipids
3. Hypertension
4. Increased BG
5. Clotting tendency
6. Inflammatory factors

Question 16

patient teaching related to elevated

Answer 16

1. Reduce total fat intake
2. Maintain ideal body weight
3. Exercise program
4. Increase complex carbohydrates and vegetable protein

Question 17

explain how diabetes mellitus contributes to coronary artery disease

Answer 17

diabetes is associated with higher blood lipid levels, higher incidence of hypertension, and obesity. hi blood sugar levels affects the endothelium of blood vessels, contributing to atherosclerosis. hyper glycemia and hyperinsulinemia, altered platelet function, elevated fibrinogen and information also play a role in the development of atherosclerosis with diabetes.

Question 18

patient teaching related to diabetes mellitus

Answer 18

1. Follow recommended diet

2. Reduce weight. 3. Monitor blood sugar levels regularly and maintain adequate level

Question 19

patient teaching related to physical inactivity

Answer 19

1. Develop a routine involving physical activity 3 - 4 times per week
2. Increase activities to a fitness level

Question 20

what are the three complications related to coronary artery disease?

Answer 20

1. Angina pectoris
2. acute coronary syndrom
3. Sudden cardiac death

Question 21

during acute coronary syndrome is the coronary artery fully completed or partially?

Answer 21

partially occluded