Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Flashcards
What is the usual cause of CAD?
Atherosclerotic plaque.
What are some symptoms of CAD?
May be asymptomatic or may lead to angina, acute coronary syndrome, MI, dysrhythmias, HF, or sudden death.
What is angina?
Chest pain resulting from reduced coronary blood flow, which causes an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand.
What are some common things that increases myocardial oxygen demand, precipitating angina?
Exercise, thyrotoxicosis, cocaine, hyperthyroidism, emotional stress.
What are some things that cause angina?
Anemia, HF, ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary diseases.
what is acute coronary syndrome
a condition of unstable cardiac ischemia. ACS includes unstable angina and acute myocardial ischaemia
what is coronary artery disease
CAD is an umbrella term for any state that causes occlusion of the coronary arteries. this includes MI, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia.
pathophysiology of CAD
deposits of cholesterol and lipids within the intimak wall of the artery
what are three non modifiable risk factors for CAD?
- Age: men over 45 years and women over 55 years.
- Gender
- Heredity
what are modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease?
- Hyper lipidemia
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- premature menopause
what are some lifestyle risk factors associated with coronary artery disease?
- Cigarette smoking
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Atherogenic diet
- Oral contraceptives 6. Hormone replacement
why is hypertension a risk factor for coronary artery disease
hypertension damages the endothelial cells of arteries, possibly by excess pressure and altered characteristics of blood flow
patient teaching related to hypertension
- Regular blood pressure check ups 2. Adequate blood pressure medications 3. Reduce sodium intake
- Stop smoking
- lose weight
- Exercise regularly
how is cigarette smoking a contributor to coronary artery disease?
carbon monoxide damages vascular endothelium, promoting cholesterol deposition. nicotine stimulates catecholamine release, increasing BP, HR, and myocardial oxygen use. nicotine also constricts arteries
characteristics of metabolic syndrome
- Abdominal obesity
- Abnormal blood lipids
- Hypertension
- Increased BG
- Clotting tendency
- Inflammatory factors
patient teaching related to elevated
- Reduce total fat intake
- Maintain ideal body weight
- Exercise program
- Increase complex carbohydrates and vegetable protein
explain how diabetes mellitus contributes to coronary artery disease
diabetes is associated with higher blood lipid levels, higher incidence of hypertension, and obesity. hi blood sugar levels affects the endothelium of blood vessels, contributing to atherosclerosis. hyper glycemia and hyperinsulinemia, altered platelet function, elevated fibrinogen and information also play a role in the development of atherosclerosis with diabetes.
patient teaching related to diabetes mellitus
- Follow recommended diet
2. Reduce weight. 3. Monitor blood sugar levels regularly and maintain adequate level
patient teaching related to physical inactivity
- Develop a routine involving physical activity 3 - 4 times per week
- Increase activities to a fitness level
what are the three complications related to coronary artery disease?
- Angina pectoris
- acute coronary syndrom
- Sudden cardiac death
during acute coronary syndrome is the coronary artery fully completed or partially?
partially occluded
