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Physiology > Core Sensory System > Flashcards

Core Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

sensory system consists of

A

receptors afferents tracts and sensory cortex

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2
Q

sensory information arrives at the brain as

A

action potential

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3
Q

types of sensory information arrives at the brain

A
  • type of sensation ( modality )
  • site of stimulation ( locality )
  • strength of simulation ( intensity )
  • duration of simulation
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4
Q

difference between somatic and autonomic

A
  • somatic nervous system transmits sensory and motor signals to and from cns autonomic nervous system controls the function of our organs and glands and can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
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5
Q

sensation carried by a somatic afferent neuron

A

somatic sensation

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6
Q

sensation carried by an autonomic afferent neuron

A

visceral sensation

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7
Q

what information do autonomic neurons carry

A

information that does not reach the consciousness i.e. lung inflation bp blood ph etc

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8
Q

example of somatic afferent neuron sensation that do not reach consciousness

A

information regarding muscle length and muscle spinal from golgi tendon organ

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9
Q

specialised structures found at the peripheral end of afferent neurons

A

sensory receptors

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10
Q

traditional classification of sensory receptors are

A 
- special senses 
   hearing vision smell taste rotational and linear
   acceleration 
- cutaneous senses 
   touch pressure cold warmth pain 
- visceral sneses 
   receptors in internal structure
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11
Q

classification according to site of sensory receptors are

A
  • telereceptors : visual receptors ( distant events )
  • exteroceptors : touch receptors (external environment )
  • interoceptors : chemoreceptors ( internal environment )
  • proprioceptors : detect change in position of body
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12
Q

classification according to type of stimulus

A

mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors nociceptors chemoreceptors barorecptors

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13
Q

classification according to structure of nerve ending

A
  • free nerve ending
  • encapsulated
  • expanded tip
  • sense organs
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14
Q

example of free nerve endings

A

pain (non adapting) and temperature receptors (intermediatly adapting)

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15
Q

example of encapsulated nerve endings

A

pacinian corpuscles and meissners corpuscles

adapt rapidly

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16
Q

receptor for touch is called

A

pacinian corpuscles

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17
Q

receptor for vibration is called

A

meissners corpuscles

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18
Q

example of expanded tip nerve endings

A

merkles discs and ruffinin endings

slow adapting

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19
Q

when receptors form with non neuronal cells the form

A

sense organs

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20
Q

example of sense organs

A

organ of corti - hearing

otolithic organ - posture

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21
Q

classification according to degree of adaptation

A
  • rapidly adapting
  • slowly adapting
  • non adapting
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22
Q

properties of receptors

A

adequate stimulus excitability adaptation

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23
Q

adequate stimulus

A

energy receptor is most sensitive too i.e. visual receptors and electromagnetic energy

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24
Q

stimulation of receptors results in

A

receptor potential

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25
Q

proprioceptors

A

ruffini endings

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26
Q

carry nerve impulses from the receptors or sense organs towards cns

A

afferent neurons

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27
Q

somatic afferent neurons enter the spinal cord through

A

the dorsal roots and their cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia

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28
Q

conduct impulses from receptors in skin skeletal muscle tendons joints and parietal layers of the pleura and peritoneum

A

somatic afferent neurons

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29
Q

conduct impulses from smooth and cardiac muscles and from baroreceptors chemoreceptors volume receptors and taste buds

A

autonomic afferent neurons aka visceral receptors aka

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30
Q

autonomic afferent neurons enter the spinal cord through

A

enter through the dorsal root and cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglia or the equivalent ganglia in cranial nerves 7 9 10

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31
Q

integrates all visceral information located in brain stem

A

nucleus of tractus solitaires (NTS)

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32
Q

which tract carries visceral pain to sensory cortex

A

spinothalamic tract like somatic pain

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33
Q

afferent neurons according to degree of myelination

A
  • thick myelinated type A
  • thin myelinated type B
  • non myelinated type C
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34
Q

types of type A thick myelinated neurons

A
  • A alpha ( 70 - 120 )
  • A beta ( 30 - 70 )
  • A gamma ( 15 - 30 )
  • A delta ( 12 - 30 )
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35
Q

less rapidly conducting neurons cv is ( 3 - 15 )

A

type B thin myelinated neurons

36
Q

slowly conducting neurons cv is ( 0.5-2 )

A

type C non myelinated neurons

37
Q

rapidly conducting neurons

A

type A thick myelinated neurons

38
Q

receptors for proprioception and touch use which fibres

A

type A beta fibers

39
Q

receptors for pain and visceral sensation use which fibres

A

type A delta or C fibers

40
Q

the two types ascending pathways in white matter of spinal cord

A

dorsal column tract aka lemniscal tract

spinothalamic tract aka anterolateral tract

41
Q

carries fine touch pressure vibration position sense and two point discrimination

A

dorsal column tract aka lemniscal tract

42
Q

neurons of dorsal column tract aka lemniscal tract

A

afferent type A beta fibers

43
Q

carries crude touch temperature pain sexual sensation and itching sensation

A

spinothalamic tract aka anterolateral tract

44
Q

neurons of spinothalamic tract aka anterolateral tract

A

afferent type A or C fibers

45
Q

how many order neurons are present in each sensory tract pathway

A

three

46
Q

where is dorsal column tract first order neuron

A

cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

47
Q

where is dorsal column tract second order neuron

A

cell bodies in the gracile and cuneate nuclei in the medulla ( decussation at medulla oblongota )

48
Q

carries sensory information from the lower half of the body entering the spinal cord at the lumbar level

A

gracile fasciculus

49
Q

carries sensory information from the upper half of the body (upper limbs, trunk, and neck) entering the spinal cord at the cervical level

A

cuneate fasciculus

50
Q

what event takes place at second order neuron of dct

A

axons cross to opposite side and ascend in the medial lemniscus until the reach the specific nuclei of the thalamus ( the venture-posterior nuclei of the the thalamus VPNT ) synapse with third order neuron

51
Q

where is dorsal column tract third order neuron

A

cell bodies in thalamus (VPNT) axons ascend in the sensory radiation to reach sensory cortex

52
Q

where is spinothalamic tract first order neuron

A

cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia

53
Q

route of dorsal column tract into spinal cord and out

A

axons pass from the receptors to the spinal cord ascend in the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord until they reach the medulla where they synapses

54
Q

route of spinothalamic tract into spinal cord

A

axons pass from the receptors to the spinal cord they enter the gray matter in the posterior horn of the spinal cord where they synapse with the second order neuron

55
Q

where is spinothalamic tract second order neuron

A

cell bodies in the posterior horn of the spinal cord

56
Q

what event takes place at second order neuron of stt

A

axons cross to the opposite side in front of the central canal of spinal cord and ascend in the white matter until they reach the specific nuclei of the thalamus (VPNT)

57
Q

where is spinothalamic tract third order neuron

A

cell bodies in the thalamus (VPNT)

58
Q

what event takes place at second order neuron of stt

A

axons ascend in the sensory radiation to reach sensory cortex

59
Q

which neurones are damaged in syringomyelia

A

neurons of the spinothalamic tract

60
Q

sensory signs of syringomyelia include

A

loss of pain and temperature but intact touch vibration and position sensation

61
Q

site that receives sensory tracts

A

sensory cortex

62
Q

all types of sensation reach the brain in the form

A

action potential

63
Q

first or fast pain

A

pricking pain

64
Q

second or slow pain

A

burning pain

65
Q

first or fast pain is transmitted through which fibres and releases which neurotransmitter

A

type A delta fibers and glutamate

66
Q

second or slow pain is transmitted through which fibres and releases which neurotransmitter

A

type C fibres and substance P

67
Q

tissue damage releases

A

pps pain producing substance

68
Q

which laminae form the substantial gelantinosa

A

laminae 2 and 3 regarded as gate for pain

69
Q

activates contralateral S1 and secondary S2 sensory areas

A

pain

70
Q

used to treat pain

A

thalamotomy

71
Q

types of pain

A

cutaneous slow and fast receptors type A delta and C
deep somatic slow C
visceral C

72
Q

feature of deep somatic and visceral pain

A

referred pain

73
Q

convergence theory

A

afferent neurones carrying pain from viscus and afferent neurons from skin dermatome meet at spinothlamic second order neuron and both go up brain perceives both as pain and localise the pain in the skin dermatome

74
Q

facilitation theory

A

collateral of impulses from viscus and regular dermatome

75
Q

inhibit pain

A

gate control and theory opiate system of the brain

76
Q

synthesis of this is highly increased during stress

A

opioids

77
Q

opioids include

A

encephalins and endorphins

78
Q

synthesised within dorsal root ganglion

A

opioids

79
Q

opioids mechanism in dorsal horn

A

opioid receptors respond to opioids cause presynaptic inhibitor of type c fibers inhibit release of substance P and closes pain gate

80
Q

opioids mechanism in peripheral tissue

A

respond to opioid peptides immune cells relieve pain

81
Q

opioids mechanism in peraqueductal are in midbrain

A

receptors in midbrain respond to encephalinins to activate deciding tract to release serotonin which mediates closing of pain gate

82
Q

which is more cold receptors or hot receptors

A

cold 4:10 ratio

83
Q

temperatures the receptors respond to

A

cold receptors - 10 - 38

heat receptors - 30 - 45

84
Q

fibres of temperature receptors

A

cold receptors - type A delta and C

heat receptors - type C

85
Q

fibres of proprioception

A

type A beta into dorsal column tract

Physiology (7 decks)

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