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Physiology > Core Motor Systems > Flashcards

Core Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

motor system comprises of

A

pyramidal extrapyramidal vestibular and cerebellum

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2
Q

motor system is responsible for

A

posture reflexes muscle tone and voluntary muscle movement

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3
Q

pathway and neurons of motor system originates in

A

motor pathway originates in - brain and brainstem

motor neurons originate in - anterior horns of spinal cord and send axons via ventral roots

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4
Q

motor tracts of spinal cord

A

pyramidal tracts - corticospinal corticobulbar tracts

extrapyramidal tracts - rubrospinal reticulospinal vestibulospinal tectospinal

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5
Q

reflex arc

A

neural pathway that controls a reflex consists of receptor afferent synapses efferent and effector

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6
Q

found at peripheral ends of afferent neurons

A

receptors

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7
Q

which nuclear fibres have more fibres

A

nuclear chain have a higher number compared to nuclear bad

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8
Q

gamma efferents are attached to

A

end of muscle spindle fibres

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9
Q

can extrafusal fibres stimulate muscle spindle

A

no muscle spindle cannot be stimulated by whole skeletal movement because extrafusal fibres cause shortening rather than stretch

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10
Q

dynamic rapid discharge from stretched muscle

A

nuclear bag

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11
Q

static response

A

nuclear chain

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12
Q

synapses within motor system occurs at

A

spinal cord

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13
Q

mechanism of synapses within motor system

A

direct single synapse between primary afferent (1a) and the cell body efferent neuron (A alpha) with the help of neurotransmitter glutamate

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14
Q

constitue 30% of all motor neuron in ventral roots of spinal cord

A

a gamma fibres

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15
Q

a gamma fibres contract what fibres

A

ends of intrafusal fibers

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16
Q

hypertonia of muscles is caused by

A

a gamma discharge is increased (UMNL)

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17
Q

increased a gamma discharge leads to

A

spasticity and rigidity of muscles

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18
Q

spasticity occurs in

A

hypertonia one group of muscles i.e. flexors but not extensors

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19
Q

rigidity is present in

A

hypertonia in both groups of muscles agonists antagonist

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20
Q

clasp knife hypertonia

A

resistant to passive stretch then resistance disappears

- sign of spasticity

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21
Q

lead pipe hypertonia

A

resistant throughout movement

- sign of rigidity

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22
Q

cog wheel

A

inconsistent rigidity

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23
Q

hypotonia of muscles is caused

A

a gamma discharge is decreased (LMNL)

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24
Q

increases a gamma discharge

A

pyramidal tract and cerebellum (facilitatory)

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25
Q

decreases a gamma discharge

A

extrapyramidal tract (inhibitory)

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26
Q

increases a gamma discharge and is associated with hyperreflexia

A

anxiety

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27
Q

hoffmans sign

A

taping of third or fourth finger resulting in flexion of thumb for a positive sign

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28
Q

difference between hoffmans sign and babinski sign

A

hoffman - fingers monosynaptic reflex

babinski - foot polysynaptic reflex

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29
Q

cause of lmnl

A

decrease in a gamma discharge

30
Q

fasciculation is a sign of a gamma discharge

A

lmnl

31
Q

inverse stretch reflex

A

golgi tendon reflex

32
Q

habitual stimulation of receptors leads to

A

decrease in calcium and neurotransmitters

33
Q

decubitus ulcers

A

open skin wound sometimes known as a pressure ulcer, bed sore, or pressure sore. A decubitus ulcer forms where the pressure from body the body’s weight presses the skin against a firm surface, such as a bed or wheelchair. Pressure cuts off the blood supply to the skin and injures tissue cells.

34
Q

autonomic dysreflexia

A

condition in which your involuntary nervous system overreacts to external or bodily stimuli. It’s also known as autonomic hyperreflexia this reaction causes: a dangerous spike in blood pressure

35
Q

pyramidal system is composed of

A 
corticospinal tracts ( ventral and lateral )
corticobulbar tracts
36
Q

concerned with fine skilled movement

A

lateral corticospinal neurons

37
Q

concerned movement of trunk and proximal movement

A

ventral corticospinal neurons

38
Q

concerned movement of neck face oral cavity and larynx

A

corticobulbar neurons

39
Q

damage to pyramidal system above decussation leads to

A

inability to perform voluntary movement on opposite side

40
Q

largest descending pathway in humans

A

corticospinal tracts

41
Q

corticospinal tracts that descends ipsilaterally supply

A

motor fibres only

42
Q

corticospinal tracts that decussate carry

A

sensory and motor fibres

43
Q

major motor system in non-mamamalian

A

extrapyramidal system

44
Q

extrapyramidal structures include

A
  • basal ganglia
  • sub thalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
  • cerebellum
  • red nucleus
45
Q

extrapyramidal tracts that arise from brain stem and subcortical structures include

A
  • rubrospinal tract
  • tectospinal tract
  • vestibulospinal tract
  • reticulospinal tract
46
Q

structures of basal ganglia include

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • sub thalamus
  • substantia nigra
47
Q

form corpus striatum

A

caudate and putamen

48
Q

form lenticular nucleus

A

globus pallidus and putamen

49
Q

two segments of globes pallidus

A

internal and external segment

50
Q

pigment and segments of substantial nigra

A

melanin and pars compacta and pars reticularis

51
Q

damage to this pathway causes parkinson syndrome

A

dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in subsntia nigra pars compacta

52
Q

how does substantial nigra inhibit thalamus and brainstem

A

by releasing GABA

53
Q

main afferent inputs into corpus striatum aka basal ganglia aka caudate and putamen

A

from cerebral cortex - excitatory input by releasing glutamate - and some interneurons release acth

from substance nigra pars compacta - inhibitory input by releasing dopamine

others from limbic system and brain stem

54
Q

main efferent outputs from corpus striatum

A

from globus pallidus - inhibitory out puts by releasing gaba

from substantial nigra pars reticualris - receives inhibitory output from corpus striatum by gaba

55
Q

chorea

A
  • damage to caudate
  • spontaneous uncontrolled movement that increases with emotion
  • hypotonia
  • results in less release of gaba
  • dopamine antagonist treatment haloperidol
56
Q

athetosis

A
  • damage to globes pallidus
  • slow twisting movement
  • treatment anticholinergic drugs
57
Q

ballism

A
  • damage to sub thalamic nucleus
  • violent crontractionc
  • hemiballius
  • hypotonic
  • treatment dopamine antagonist haloperidol phenothiazines
58
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei include

A

dentate nucleus
globose nucleus
emboliform nucleus
fastiagl nucleus

59
Q

globose nuclei and emboli form nucleus form

A

interpostius nucleus

60
Q

cells of cerebellar

A 
purkinje 
granular 
basket 
golgi 
stellate
61
Q

inhibitory cells of cerebellar

A 
purkinje 
basket 
golgi 
stellate 
all release neurotranasmitter gaba
62
Q

excitatory cell of cerebellar

A

granular and releases glutamate

63
Q

layers of cerebellar cortex

A

three

  • superficial molecular layer
  • middle purkinje layer
  • deep granular layer
64
Q

contains stellate and basket inhibitory cells

also contains dendritic arbors of purkinje cells and parallel fibres from granular cells that may form synapses

A

superficial molecular layer

65
Q

contains purkinje cells

A

middle purkinje layer

66
Q

purkinje cells receive excitatory input from

A
  • climbing fibres from inferior olivary nucleus in medulla

- parallel fibres from granular cells

67
Q

purkinje cells receive inhibitory input from

A

basket cells

68
Q

purkinje cells send inhibitory output to

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

69
Q

contains granular and golgi cells

A

deep granular layer

70
Q

most numerous neurons in brain

A

granular cells

71
Q

deep granular layer receives excitatory input from

A
  • most fibres from pontine nucleus and inhibitory feedback from golgi cells

Physiology (7 decks)

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