cor 013 Flashcards
Tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others; the ethnocentric person sees his or her own group as the center or defining point of culture and views all other cultures as deviation from what is normal.
ETHNOCENTRISM
Your culture is superior to other.
ETHNOCENTRISM
Meaning various aspect of culture such as mythological tales, folktales, legends, religion, songs, proverb, language, rituals etc. That promote the superiority of one culture over others.
ETHNOCENTRISM
Though this is unintentional kind of promotion of ethnocentrism, it is instilling the belief that “my race/culture is really better than the rest”, in so many ways in most of us, especially during childhood or teenage.
ETHNOCENTRISM
Fact that what is regarded as true, valued, or expected in one social system may not be so in another. Cultural relativism viewed those cultures have unique characteristics and should not be compared to others. It refers to the viewing of people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture.
CULTURE RELATIVISM
They accept, they value other culture
It means of not about imposing judgement or assessing the worth of other culture.
Meaning cultural relativist view themselves as tolerant; they see other cultures not as wrong but as different
CULTURE RELATIVISM
(genetic) evolution occurs through genetic variation and reproduction, and involves the transfer of genes from one generation to the next.
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
Gradual process in which something changes into different and usually more complex or better form.
EVOLUTION
Process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin.
NATURAL SELECTION
Occurs through the development of customs and languages, and involves the transfer of information either within a generation or across many generations.
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
Any unit of cultural information, such as a practice or an idea, that gets transmitted verbally or by repeated action from one mind to another, is called a meme.
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
Traits can be transmitted to a person only from parents
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
Transmission can only occur from one generation to next
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
People cannot choose which genetic traits they inherit
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
Data transmitted is encoded by genetic materials (DNA)
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
Traits can be transmitted to a person by many unrelated people
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
Transmission can be within or between generation and can be widely separated in time and space
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
People can choose to accept or reject some cultural traits
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
Data transmitted can assume the form of written or spoken languages.
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
Is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have changed over time.
SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION
An American sociologist known for contributions to the sociology of religion, social inequality, and ecological-evolutionary social theory:
GERHAND LENSKI
His sociological evolution approach views technological progress as the most basic factor in the evolution of societies and cultures.
GERHAND LENSKI
Information about how to use the material
TECHNOLOGY
Changes over time in technology that give humans increased control over their environment.
TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
Process by which a child learns his or her culture. It is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture.
ENCULTURATION
is a process which all individuals undergo throughout his whole life; it is both conscious and unconscious procedure starting from birth up to death. In connection to that, it happens not only when a person goes to school for formal education
ENCULTURATION
happens when through family, peers, and other that socialize with the person throughout the person’s lifetime.
ENCULTURATION
It refers to the lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in society.
SOCIOLIZATION
Process whereby the helpless infant gradually becomes a self-aware, knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which is born (Anthony Giddens).
SOCIOLIZATION
a person would be able to learn and understand social norms, values, language, behavior and other important things about a person’s culture.
ENCULTURATION
a person would become conscious or informed of his rights, obligation and privileges as part of community or society. (Grunlan and Meyers, 1988)
ENCULTURATION
Humans learn the expectations of society through socialization.
Socialization is different based on race, gender and class.
THE SOCIOLIZATION PROCESS
1.Establishes self-concepts.
2.Creates the tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways.
3.Creates the capacity for rote taking.
4.Makes people bearers of culture
THE SOCIOLIZATION PROCESS
1.Establishes self-concepts.
2.Creates the tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways.
3.Creates the capacity for rote taking.
4.Makes people bearers of culture
CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIOLIZATION
most important agent of socialization. Families introduce children to the expectations of society.
FAMILY
teach children values and customs of the larger society
SCHOOL
child is not raised in a religious family, it influences morality. It affects the manner of dressing, speech and manners
RELIGION
group of persons of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests. For children, peer culture is an important source of identity.
PEER GROUP
shapes our attitudes, values and other basic orientation to life.
MASS MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY
major agent of socialization for adults; from jobs, we Leam not only skills but also matching attitudes and values.
WORKPLACE
is the process of creating and maintaining stability; in simplest term, the power of society over individuals.
SOCIAL CONTROL
It is important to have social control because it is eliciting certain behavior which empowers individuals to conform to the norms.
SOCIAL CONTROL
Given this, society is known to be a collection of harmonious relationship between individuals.
SOCIAL CONTROL
Without harmony, there would be no existing relationship and there would be no society (Pujari, 2015).
SOCIAL CONTROL
Rewards are given to individuals who exemplified the values and follow the norms, usually those who conform in contrast, punishments are given to those individuals who deviate from the social norms.
SOCIAL CONTROL
Behavior which involves change in order to fit in
CONFORMITY
Social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group.
CONFORMITY
used to indicate an agreement to the majority position, brought about either by a desire to ‘fit in’ or be liked or because of a desire to be correct or simply to conform to a social role.
CONFORMITY
Violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society. Deviance, like conformity, is shaped by society. E
DEVIANCE
An act that is considered by public consensus or the powerful at a given place and time to be a violation of some social rule is called Deviant behavior.
DEVIANCE
To explain his theory, he classified people into 5 different groups.
Now these groups are CONFORMIST, RITUALISTS, INNOVATORS, RETREATISTS, and the REBELLION.
ROBERT K. MENTON’S DEVIANCE TYPOLOGY
Accept goal, accept means.
CONFORMIST
These are group of people that follow the norms, and also trust the system which would help them achieve their goal.
CONFORMIST
Reject goals, accept means., the people that reject or do not believe in the goals of the society.
RITUALIST
However, they still accept the means by doing the same things as what conformists do.
RITUALIST
is a form of deviance, by rejecting the goals of society, individuals deviate themselves from the norm.
RITUALIST
Accept goals, reject means.
They are the opposite of ritualists.
INNOVATORS
are the people that accept the society’s goal; however, they reject the ways on how to get the society’s goal.
INNOVATORS
They are deviant because of their means or action on how achieve goals.
Their different means deviate themselves from the norm, which usually borders on law breaking
INNOVATORS
Reject goals, reject means.
These are types of people who reject both the goals and means of the society, which makes them deviant.
RETREATISTRE
These are people who avoid the establish goals and avoid the means of what they should do.
RETREATIST
These people retreat to a kind of lifestyle that they want to live in, not what the society dictates them to live in
RETREATIST
These are people who are not satisfied with the current system: but instead they are the one who want to create a new goal and means for the society which make the deviant.
REBELS
These people are the people who are extremely dangerous like terrorists because they want a new goal and means wherein, they are ones who would benefit, and not the society.
REBELS
Examples: drug abuse, suicide, alcoholism, smoking, illegal gambling, prostitution
INFRIGEMENT OF VIOLATION AGAINTS SELF
Examples: vandalism, abortion, rebellion, juvenile delinquency, organized crime and syndicate, graft and corruption.
VIOLATION ON LIFE, PROPERTY, LIBERTY AND STATE
Examples: pornography, sexual harassment, sex-transplant, adultery, homosexuality
VIOLATION AGAINTS SEX CODE AND LAWS
A traditional form of Ligawan (courtship) in the Philippines where a man serenades a woman by singing underneath her window at night.
HARANA
Although this is universal, it was widely practiced in old Philippines with a set or protocols, a code of conduct, and a specific style of music.
HARANA
1.The lady invites the man and his company inside for refreshments.
HARANA
2.The lady joins in the singing. The practice of harana has died but it is a tradition that shows the beauty of Philippines at a time that was so simple. So, my suggestion to you guys out there that wants to do something special for that special lady on Valentine’s Day, think about doing a harana. It will definitely save you some money and show that special girl your love for her through song. That’s something priceless and from the heart.
HARANA
This is basically a Spanish influence. The man is usually accompanied by his close friends who provide moral support for the guy in addition to singing with him.
HARANA
Behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept. it is passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.
CULTURE
The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
RELIGION
The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university.
EDUCATION
A person’s principles or standards of behavior; one’s judgment of what is important in life.
VALUES
An acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists.
BELIEFS
Refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.
MATERIAL CULTURE
A settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person’s behavior
ATTITUDE
Giving or designed to give pleasure through beauty; of pleasing appearance.
AESTHETIC
The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
LANGUAGE
A group of people who share a culture and a territory
SOCIETY
Meaning if you were in a society you shared in different cultures and beliefs, it is also a people who interact in such a way to share a common culture.
SOCIETY
It may be ethnic or racial base on gender, or due to share beliefs, values, and activity
CULTURAL BOND
Persons who live in any region at any period.
SOCIETY
Science of government; part of ethics which has to do with the regulation and government of a nation or state; preservation of its safety, peace, and prosperity, the defense of its existence and rights against foreign control or conquest.
POLITICS
a.Congress
1.House of Representatives
2.Senate
LEGISLATIVE
a.President -> Vice President
EXECUTIVE
a.The Supreme Court
JUDICIAL
having the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect.
EXECUTIVE
In our country the president of the Philippines is the one who has the power to implement action or laws into effect.
EXECUTIVE
having the power to make laws
LEGISLATIVE
They are responsible in making laws. It includes the congress, senate and house of representative.
LEGISLATIVE
of, by, or appropriate to a court or judge.
JUDICIAL
Is defined as the ethnic, religious, racial, gender, and socioeconomic factors (educational attainment, occupation) and values that shape an individual’s upbringing.
CULTURAL BACKGROUND
can be shaped at the family, societal or organizational level.
CULTURAL BACKGROUND
Refers to the differences of social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may be considered bad etiquette in another.
HUMAN CULTURAL VIOLATION
human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of special reverence.
RELIGION
simply means a shared cultural heritage. Large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background.
ETHNICITY
the state or fact of being a citizen of a particular nation.
NATIONALITY
is usually associated with biology and linked with physical characteristics such as skin color or hair texture
RACE
any external influences on people. These influences include behavioral influences, historical influences, and developmental influences. (Beliefs, Traditions)
SOCIAL PHENOMENA
known as the bandwagon effect (popular effect), occurs when certain individuals behave a certain way merely because other individuals do as well. (Trending, Fashion)
CULTURAL PHENOMENON
behavioral/social influences in politics on governing a particular country.
POLITICAL PHENOMENA
transformation of culture and social institutions over time.
any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and cultural values and norms
SOCIAL CHANGE
normal function of internal and external politics. Rulers will be voted out, retire or die while in power, and the new leader will make changes
POLITICAL CHANGE
initiated by the citizen of the country it can bedone by regular events such as:
oElection
oRulers choosing hand power over
oCoup d’état or rebellion (irregular event)
coup d’état is an illegal overthrow of the government that almost always involves the country’s military.
INTERNAL POLITICAL CHANGE
It is initiated by other countries.
-It is usually achieved through military threats or action but could occur through embargoes and/or withholding foreign aid.
-If it is achieved by the military, then a new leader will be placed in charge by the victorious, foreign power.
-The victorious country may also choose to change
the style of governance as well.
EXTERNAL POLITICAL CHANGE
Modification of a society through innovation, discovery, or contact with other cultures.
CULTURAL CHANGE
Women have more athletic abilities then thought in the past.
DISCOVERY
Computers have changed the way cultures think, talk in the past.
INVENTION
Food is becoming more global, such as tacos, piñatas, etc.
DIFFUSION
The study of human societies and cultures and their development.
ANTHROPOLOGY
The study of human biological and physiological characteristics and their evolution.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
The study of the processes, principles, and structure of government and of political institutions.
SOCIOLOGY
The systematic study of government and politics.
POLITICIAL SCIENCE
The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society
SOCIOLOGY
The study of social problems.
SOCIOLOGY
An organized group of persons associated together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes. A body of individuals living as members of a community; community.
SOCIETY
Natural Resources
Hunting (stone, woods, bow and arrow)
PALEOLITHIC= Paleo = old, Lithic = stones
NEOLITHIC= Neo = new, Lithic stone
NOMADS = No permanent address
HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES
Hand tools to raise crops. The tools they used were simple: sticks or hoe-like instruments used to punch holes in the ground so that crops could be planted
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
have more definite home sites and permanent residence. They have less indication to travel as compared with hunters and gatherers because catching fish does not entail to much travel.
FISHING SOCIETIES
b.relies on the, domestication and breeding of animals for food. Domestication animals allows for a more manageable food supply than do hunting and gathering. They live in such places as desert, an artic or mountainous area, which does not favor planting trees and vegetables.
HEARDING SOCIETIES
Harnessing of animals, the development of metal tools, the sue of the wheel and improves knowledge of irrigation and fertilization.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Using Advance Technology to cultivate crops
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Increases food supplies = centers of trade supporting various rulers, educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religious leaders.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Conflicts with other communities inevitable occurred.
System of rulers with high social statues also appeared.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Uses advance sources of energy, rather than humans and animals, to run large machinery.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Rural areas lost population because more and more people were engaged in factory work and had to move to the cities.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Fewer people were needed in agriculture, and societies became urbanized, which means that the majority of the population lived within commuting distance of a major city.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Robots and Artificial intelligence
POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Culture consists of material things, such as art, tools, weapons, dwelling units, utensils, machinery clothing’s, etc.
ASPECT OF CULTURE
Culture has non-material aspects, general beliefs and patterns of behavior common to a group of people. The material and non-material aspects of culture are integral parts of what is generally known as the two types of culture: MATERIAL AND NON-MATERIAL CULTURE.
ASPECT OF CULTURE
Concrete and tangible things that man creates and uses. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, mosques, offices, factories and the like. All of these physical aspects of a culture help to define its members’ behaviors and perceptions.
MATERIAL CULTURE
Nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions the non-material aspect of culture is the meaning and substance inherent in culture.
NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
constantly changing; it goes thru revision with each generation. It changes to adapt to the shifting needs of a society. The only permanent thing in this world is change-so do culture
DYNAMIC
our ancestors used candles and oil lamp to brighten their dark nights but now, we already have electricity
DYNAMIC
To adapt to different circumstances. It changes depending on the need of a particular period.
FLEXIBLE
the earliest form of planting crops is usually associated with the use of hands and stick to dig up holes but as time passed by people used animals and heavy machineries to cultivate the soils and lessen the usage of manpower, this led in the production of more crops.
FLEXIBLE
Through the use of culture. People use culture to adjust to changes in to the natural environment and manmade world. People built houses, wore clothes and invented weapons to cope to the different elements around them.
ADAPTIVE
Able to act in socially appropriate ways as well as predict how others will act. Because people interact with each other, they learn their culture by observing, listening and talking with other people. People in society share a common behaviors and ways of thinking. Because people can communicate, they can exchange ideas with their neighbors.
SHARED
Because people have different ways of living and ways of thinking they disagree with each other. As a result, they argue, fight and prove to each other that what they believe is superior to what other people believe. What seems to be dominant in a certain period becomes known and what seems to be less become forgotten.
CONTESTED
Each one of us starts with no notion what is supposed to be right and wrong, but as we grow older our society molds our personality and we learn what should be proper or not through enculturation.
LEARNED
Enculturation- process by which a child learns his or her culture. Most of the time, culture is taught directly when our parents train us. Children imitate actions and modify behaviors with what they observed to be right and wrong.
LEARNED
Each person’s behavior often depends upon some particular behavior of someone else. The point is that, as a general rule, behaviors are somewhat integrated or organized with related behaviors of other persons.
PATTERNED
Known as holism, or the various parts of a culture being interconnected. All aspects of a culture are related to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few.
INTEGRATED
Handed down from one generation to another. The acquired learning of culture is passed on to succeeding generations primarily through language.
TRANSMITTED
The survival of society requires that the people provide means by which their culture can be learned and transmitted from one generation to another.
TRANSMITTED
Without language human beings will not be able to communicate. Every word we utter has a different meaning, but as we communicate with others, we share the same definition for each word, thus we are able to understand each other. You can tell the importance of an object in a particular society by observing its language.
REQUIRES LANGUAGE
Set of symbols used for communication. (sign language, verbal, visual, etc.)
LANGUAGE
It influences our ways of perceiving, behaving, and feeling, it is through language that idea values, beliefs and knowledge are transmitted, expressed, and shared.
LANGUAGE
Without language, there will be no culture.
LANGUAGE
Ideas that people hold about the universe or any part of the total reality surrounding them. These are things how people perceive reality. The subject of human beliefs may be infinite and may include ideas concerning the individual, other people and the world around him.
BELIEFS
no scientific basis (kuro-kuro o haka-haka)
Way of living
SUPERTITIOUS BEILIEF (BELIEFS)
Shared ideas about desirable goals.
Attitudes/Respect/Behavior
Principles in life
VALUES
Established standard behavior maintained by a society.
It serves as guidelines of properad improper behavior.
Forms of rules, standards, or prescriptions and social shared expectations.
NORMS
Morality = knowing what is right and wrong; common sense.
MORES
Set of norms that define the most fundamental ideas about what is considered right and wrong, or moral, in human behavior.
MORES
Norms that are simply customary, normal, habitual way of a group does things.
FOLKWAYS
If one violates folkways, there is no punishment attached to them.
FOLKWAYS
Habits
Traditions
FOLKWAYS
Formal norms/ strict kind of norms.
They are rules with formal sanctions of the state.
Authorities
Policies
Rights
Rules
LAWS
