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Respiratory Diseases > COPD > Flashcards

COPD Flashcards

1
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Bronchiolitis also

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2
Q

What is the clinical definition?

A

Productive cough on most days for three months of two successive years

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3
Q

What characterises chronic bronchitis?

A

Increased mucus
Increased epithelial cells
Increased goblet cells
Increase infection

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4
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Abnormal increase in the the size of the normal airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

What happens in emphysema?

A

Gas exchange impairment

Destuction of bronchiol walls with fibrosis

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6
Q

What is emphysema bullae?

A

Large closed of airspaces with trapped air inside

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7
Q

What are the two types of emphysema?

A 
Centriacinar= just the bronchioles
Panicinar= entire acinus
Irregular= around scars
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8
Q

What causes COPD?

A

Smoking
Atmospheric pollution
Alpha antitrypsin defieciency

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9
Q

How does alpha anti trypson deficiency cause COPD?

A

This enzyme is an anti elastase

Elastases destroy alveolar wall

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10
Q

How does smoking cause COPD?

A

Increased neutrophils and macrophages

Release of elastases

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD?

A 
Productive cough
White/clear sputum
Breathless
Wheeze
Infections
Weight loss
decreased muscle
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12
Q

What are the signs of COPD?

A 
Tachypneoa
Accessory muscles
Hyperinflation
Decreased cricrosternal distance <3cm
Decreased chest expansion
Resonant/hyperresont
quite breath sounds
cyanosis
corpulmonale
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13
Q

How do you measure the severity of COPD?

A

FEV1 50-80% =milde
30-49%= moderate
<30 =severe

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14
Q

What would you see in investigations of COPD?

A

CXR- flat hemidiaphragms, decreased peripheral vascular markings, cylindical heart
ABG- Pa02 decreased PaC02 increased

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15
Q

What are the complications of COPD?

A 
Cor pulmonale
resp failure
infection
Pneumothorax
Carcinoma
Polycythaemia
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16
Q

What treatments are used in COPD?

A 
LAMA/SAMA
Smoking cessastion
SABA/LABA
Steroid trials?
Oxygen therapy

Respiratory Diseases (13 decks)

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