COPD Flashcards
is a condition of chronic dyspnea with expiratory airflow limitation that does not significantly fluctuate.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
has been defined by The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease as “apreventableandtreatabledisease with some significant extrapulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual patients.”
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease has been defined by ____ as “apreventableandtreatabledisease with some significant extrapulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual patients.”
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
is a disease of the airways and is defined as the presence ofcoughandsputum productionforat least 3 monthsin each of2 consecutive years.
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is also termed as
“blue bloaters”.
is a pathologic term that describes anabnormal distention of airspacesbeyond the terminalbronchiolesand destruction of the walls of the alveoli.
Pulmonary Emphysema
People with emphysema are also called
“pink puffers”.
There are two main types of emphysema:
panlobular and centrilobular.
there is destruction of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveolus.
panlobular
pathologic changes occur mainly in the center of the secondary lobule.
centrilobular
In ___, the airflow limitation is both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of thelungsto noxious gases or particles.
COPD
leads to loss of alveolar attachments and a decrease in elastic recoil.
Alveolar wall destruction
is thefourthleading cause ofdeathin the United States.
COPD
COPD also account for the death of ____Americans every year.
125, 000
Mortality from COPD among men has increased, and in 2005, more men than women died of COPD. T or F
F
Causes of COPD includes environmental factors and host factors. These includes:
Smoking
Occupational exposure
Genetic abnormalities
Clinical Manifestations COPD
Chroniccough
Sputum production
Dyspnea on exertion
Dyspnea at rest
Weight loss
Barrel chest
means a broad, deep chest that resembles the shape of a barrel
barrel chest
This is the singlemost cost-effectiveintervention to reduce the risk of developing COPD and to stop its progression.
Smoking cessation
There are two major life-threatening complications of COPD:
respiratory insufficiency and failure.
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings COPD
Health history
Pulmonary function studies
Spirometry
ABG
Chest x-ray
CT scan
Screening for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
Pulmonary function tests
DLCO test
Bronchogram
Lung scan
Complete blood count
Blood chemistry
Sputum culture
Cytologic examination
Electrocardiogram
ExerciseECG,stresstest
is first-line therapyand involves identifying the best medications or combinations of medications taken on a regular schedule for a specific patient COPD
Optimization ofbronchodilatormedications
Pharmacologic Therapy of COPD
Bronchodilators
Corticosteroids
alpha1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy,antibioticagents,mucolyticagents, antitussive agents,vasodilators, andnarcotics.
Management of Exacerbations COPD
Hospitalization
Oxygen therapy
Antibiotics
Patients with COPD also have options forsurgeryto improve their condition.
Bullectomy
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Lung Transplantation
is asurgicaloption for select patients withbullous emphysemaand can help reduce dyspnea and improve lung function.
Bullectomy
is apalliativesurgeryin patients with homogenous disease or disease that is focused in one area and not widespread throughout the lungs.
Lung volume reductionsurgery
is a viable option for definitive surgical treatment of end-stage emphysema.
Lung transplantation
is used to evaluateairway obstruction, which is determined by the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity.
Spirometry
