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BMS 242 Core Physiology and Pharmacology > Control of Intracellular pH > Flashcards

Control of Intracellular pH Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scale of pH

A

logarithmic

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2
Q

What is the normal range of pH inside cells

A

7 - 7.1

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3
Q

What can buffer pH changes

A

proteins, acid extrusion, acid loading

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4
Q

How do proteins buffer pH changes

A

Accept and donate protons from their charged residues

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5
Q

True or False - protons and pH are important primary messengers in cells

A

False - they are secondary messengers

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6
Q

What is the effect of increasing proton concentration on pH

A

pH becomes more acidic - decreases

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7
Q

How do cells compensate for an acidic pH

A

remove excess protons

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8
Q

What two methods can measure intracellular pH

A

microelectrodes and fluorescent indicators

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9
Q

Describe the two microelectrodes

A

V1 has a proton sensitive resin tip, V2 is normal

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10
Q

What does V2 measure

A

total membrane potential

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11
Q

What does V1 measure

A

membrane potential of everything except protons

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12
Q

What is a disadvantage of using electrodes to measure pH

A

They are large so may damage small cells

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13
Q

How do fluorescence indicators measure pH

A

pH inside the cell will be proportional to the fluorescence intensity

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14
Q

Describe the inactive form of pH indicators

A

lipid soluble so passes through the cell membrane

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15
Q

What is an ionophore bath used for

A

to make the pH inside the cell the same as the pH outside the cell.

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16
Q

What is the effect of protein ionophore on the membrane

A

makes the membrane freely permeable to protons

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17
Q

Which approach to measure pH is best for small cells

A

Fluorescence indicators and ionophore bath

18
Q

What is a limit of buffering

A

Cant reverse pH change

19
Q

Definition of buffering

A

amount of strong base that must be added to a solution in order to raise the pH by a given amount

20
Q

Which protein group increases pH

A

NH2

21
Q

how does NH2 increase pH

A

receives protons

22
Q

Which protein group decreases pH

A

COOH

23
Q

What is the function of the COOH group in regard to pH

A

Release H+ to decrease pH

24
Q

What is an example of an acid extrusion protein

A

Na/H exchanger

25
Q

Describe the movements by the sodium hydrogen exchanger

A

moves sodium in and protons out

26
Q

What type of transporter is the NHE

A

secondary active transporter

27
Q

What does NHE rely on

A

gradient set up by the sodium potassium ATPase

28
Q

When does the sodium proton exchanger become active

A

under acidic pH conditions

29
Q

What is allosteric modification

A

more than one proton binds to the NHE exchanger

30
Q

What is the effect of allosteric modification on the NHE

A

increases activity of protein by a conformational change

31
Q

What are the functions of NHE

A

pH regulation and control of cell volume

32
Q

What inhibits NHE

A

low concentrations of amiloride

33
Q

Where is NHE found

A

basolateral membrane of epithelial cells

34
Q

What is the function of the C terminus in NHE

A

major regulation site

35
Q

What is the effect of calcium carmodulin on NHE

A

Causes an alkali shift in the set point

36
Q

Name an acid loading exchanger

A

Cl/HCO3 exchanger (AE)

37
Q

Describe the transport of the AE

A

moves bicarbonate out and chloride in

38
Q

What is the effect of bicarbonate moving out of the cell by the AE on pH

A

free protons left inside the cell decrease pH

39
Q

When is the Cl/HCO3 exchanger activated

A

alkaline pH

40
Q

What inhibits the AE family

A

stillbene drugs

41
Q

Which transporter is independant of sodium

A

Cl- HCO3 exchanger

42
Q

When does the resting intracellular pH occur

A

during NO NET movement of protons

BMS 242 Core Physiology and Pharmacology (13 decks)

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