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BMS 242 Core Physiology and Pharmacology > Cell Homeostasis > Flashcards

Cell Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal intracellular and extracellular conditions for sodium

A

high extracellular, low intracellular

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2
Q

What is the function of the thick ascending limb in the loop of Henle

A

reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-

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3
Q

What are the properties of the apical membrane of the thick ascending limb

A

impermeable to water, ammonia and protons

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4
Q

What does the reabsorption of NaCl across the TAL create

A

trans-epithelial osmotic gradient

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5
Q

What is the trans-epithelial osmotic gradient responsible for

A

counter current multiplication

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6
Q

Activity of what transporter depends on the inward Na gradient

A

NKCC

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7
Q

What happens if intracellular sodium levels rise

A

diuresis, increased sodium and chloride in the urine

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8
Q

Describe the normal chemical and electrical gradient for sodium movement

A

very large for sodium to move into the cell

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9
Q

What problems occur if the sodium chemical and electrical gradient are reduced

A

action potential propagation problems, slower action potentials

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10
Q

What controls intracellular Na+

A

Na/K ATPase pump

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11
Q

What does Na/K ATPase require for its action

A

ATP phosphorylation

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12
Q

What happens to the Na/K ATPase when 3 sodiums bind

A

phosphorylation

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13
Q

What does phosphorylation of the Na/K ATPase pump trigger

A

conformational change

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14
Q

What is the effect of this conformational change on the Na/K ATPase

A

shifts the binding domain from intracellular to extracellular side - moving Na+ out

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15
Q

What does the function of the sodium potassium ATPase pump depend on

A

ATP, intracellular sodium and extracellular potassium

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16
Q

What is the Na/K+ ATPase inhibited by

A

cardiac glycolysis, ouabain and digoxin

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17
Q

What is the net effect on the membrane potential of the Na/K ATPase

A

makes inside of the cell more negative

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18
Q

What does accumulation of K inside the cell create

A

driving force for potassium to leave the cell - making the cell more negative

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19
Q

What are the normal intracellular and extracellular conditions for calcium

A

high extracellular calcium, low intracellular calcium

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20
Q

Why is calcium regulation important

A

calcium is an important second messenger

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21
Q

How does the cell maintain low intracellular calcium

A

Na/Ca exchanger, Ca ATPase

22
Q

What does the Na/Ca exchanger transport

A

exchanges extracellular sodium for intracellular calcium

23
Q

True or False - the Na/Ca exchanger is electrogenic

A

True

24
Q

What is the SLC8

A

solute co transporter type 8

25
Q

How many transmembrane spanning domains does the SLC8 have

A

10

26
Q

What is the Na/Ca exchanger a member of

A

SLC8 gene family

27
Q

How does the SLC8 gene family allow different functions in different cell types

A

changing its splice variant

28
Q

What family is the Ca ATPase a member of

A

P-Type ATPase family

29
Q

How many types of ATPases are there

A

2

30
Q

What are PMCAs

A

plasma membrane calcium pumps

31
Q

What is the function of PMCAs

A

pump Ca2+ across the plasma membrane out of the cell

32
Q

What is the function of SERCA

A

pump Ca2+ out of cytoplasm into organelles

33
Q

What is SERCA

A

calcium pumps found on sacroplasmic or ER membranes

34
Q

What are SPCA

A

Ca2+ pumps on golgi apparatus

35
Q

How does calcium signalling move calcium

A

across PM into cytoplasm, or out of storage organelle into cytoplasm

36
Q

Where are voltage operated Ca chanels found (VOCC)

A

excitable cells

37
Q

What are VOCCs activated by

A

depolarisation

38
Q

Where are receptor operated Ca channels (ROCC) found

A

secretory cells and nerve terminals

39
Q

What are ROCCs activated by

A

binding of agonist

40
Q

Example of a ROCC

A

NMDA receptor

41
Q

Where are mechanically activated Ca channels found

A

many cells

42
Q

What do mechanically activated Ca channels respond to

A

cell deformation

43
Q

What is an example of mechanically activated Ca channels

A

stretch activated channels

44
Q

What activates store operated calcium channels

A

depletion of calcium stores

45
Q

What are the two classes of calcium channels in store membranes

A

IP3 receptors, ryanodine receptors

46
Q

What receptors involved in calcium signalling are associated with excitable cells

A

ryanodine

47
Q

Which receptor involved in calcium signalling is biphasic

A

ryanodine

48
Q

What happens to the SOCCs when IP3 is formed

A

open and calcium moves out into the cytoplasm

49
Q

How are the calcium levels restored

A

SOCCs open and allow calcium to move in and refill the store

50
Q

Name another protein involved with calcium movement

A

Stim and Orai channels

BMS 242 Core Physiology and Pharmacology (13 decks)

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