Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes (BIO)

Question 1

Transcription factors (protein) bind to enhancers or silencers (DNA) to affect transcription. Enhancers increase transcription when bound, while silencers decrease it. The main difference in eukaryotes that sets them apart from prokaryotes is that enhancers/silencers can be very far away from the actual promoter, and can be upstream or downstream. The DNA must loop back on itself so that the transcription factor bound to enhancer/silencer can actually make contact with the promoter. Intermediate proteins are involved in the process.

Answer 1

Transcription regulation

Question 2

bind to DNA, so they have a DNA-binding domain.

Answer 2

Transcription factors

Question 3

DNA-binding proteins bind to

Answer 3

DNA

Question 4

are immortal while normal cells die after a number of divisions. They can metastasize - break off and then grow in another location.

continue to grow and divide in situations normal cells would not.

fail to respond to cellular controls and signals that would halt this growth in normal cells.

avoid apoptosis (self-destruction) that normal cells undergo when extensive DNA damage is present.

Answer 4

Cancer Cells

Question 5

apoptosis

Answer 5

self destruction

Question 6

cause new blood vessels to grow to nourish the cancer cell

Answer 6

angiogenesis

Question 7

genes that cause cancer when activated. The product of many ( ) are involved in speeding up cell division.

Answer 7

Oncogenes

Question 8

Codes for inhibiting protein, prevents cancerous growth.

Expressed as a recessive trait- both copies must be inactivated to promote abnormal growth.

Answer 8

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Question 9

NO operons.

Includes the removal of introns and alternative RNA splicing, which allows for a single region of DNA to code for multiple proteins and also includes regulation of chromatin structure, transcriptional regulation, and posttranscriptional gene regulation by noncoding RNA

Answer 9

Regulation of Chromatin in Eukaryotes

Question 10

( ) of cytosine or adenine bases in DNA is way to regulate genes by affecting chromatin structure. means of turning genes off and on during development and cell differentiation.

Answer 10

DNA Methylation

Question 11

noncoding RNA

-may play a crucial role in gene expression, such as mRNA translation and chromatin modification

Answer 11

ncRNAs