Control of Body Systems

Question 1

What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Central and peripheral

Question 2

What are the 2 functional divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 2

Somatic and autonomic

Question 3

Which part of the spinal cord does the sympathetic NVS arise from?

Answer 3

T1-L2

Question 4

Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic NVS located?

Answer 4

Lateral horn of the spinal cord (paravertebral chain)

Question 5

Which part of the spinal cord does the parasympathetic NVS arise from?

Answer 5

Brainstem (cranial nerves) and S2-S4

Question 6

Which cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic NVS?

Answer 6

III, VII, IX, X

Question 7

What do the sacral regions of the parasympathetic NVS innervate?

Answer 7

Pelvic viscera

Question 8

Which nerve controls the facial muscles?

Answer 8

Facial nerve (VII)

Question 9

Which nerve innervates the prehensile tongue?

Answer 9

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Question 10

What are the 4 muscles of mastcation?

Answer 10

Temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

Question 11

Which cranial nerves control salivation?

Answer 11

Facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

Question 12

Which nerves (cranial) control the voluntary phase of swallowing?

Answer 12

Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X)

Question 13

What action initiates the peristaltic (involuntary) movements of swallowing?

Answer 13

Food in oesophagus stimulates myenteric plexus

Question 14

Which nerve plexi are associated with the enteric NVS?

Answer 14

Submucosal and myenteric plexi

Question 15

Which nerve signals to the stomach that food is incoming?

Answer 15

Vagus (X) - increases and upregulates gastric secretions (positive feedback mechanism)

Question 16

How is the internal anal sphincter relaxed?

Answer 16

Local reflexes (smooth muscle)

Question 17

Which nerve mediates voluntary control of the external anal and urinary sphincters?

Answer 17

Pudendal nerve

Question 18

Which sympathetic nerves cause vasodilation of arteries in erectile bodies? (musculocavernous)

Answer 18

Pelvic nerves

Question 19

Which part of the pituitary gland is neuronal?

Answer 19

Posterior

Question 20

Which part of the pituitary gland is hormonal?

Answer 20

Anterior

Question 21

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Answer 21

Infundibulum

Question 22

What does the pineal gland produce/release?

Answer 22

Melatonin

Question 23

Which branch of the autonomic NVS sends impulses to the pineal gland?

Answer 23

Sympathetic (via hypothalamus)

Question 24

Why is the pineal gland larger in sheep than humans?

Answer 24

It also controls seasonal breeding (affects FSH/LH release)

Question 25

What type of epithelium are the follicular cells of the thyroid gland?

Answer 25

Simple cuboidal

Question 26

What are the follicles of the thyroid gland filled with?

Answer 26

Thyroglobulin (precursor for thyroid hormones)

Question 27

What do the follicular cells secrete?

Answer 27

T3 and T4 (iodine-dependent)

Question 28

What do the parafollicular cells secrete?

Answer 28

Calcitonin (decreases blood calcium levels)

Question 29

What is TSH/where is it released from?

Answer 29

Thyroid-stimulating hormone - released from AP gland to increase synthesis/release of T3 and T4 in thyroid in response to stressors/cold

Question 30

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

Answer 30

Parathyroid hormone

Question 31

What does parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 31

Increase calcium levels in blood

Question 32

What is released from the adrenal medulla with sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 32

Adrenaline/noradrenaline

Question 33

What is released from the adrenal cortex?

Answer 33

Steroid hormones (aldosterone/cortisol/androgens)

Question 34

What is released from the thymus in infants?

Answer 34

Thymosin - involved in immune system development

Question 35

Which cells of the pancreas have an exocrine function?

Answer 35

Acini cells (digestive enzymes)

Question 36

What does gastrin do in the stomach?

Answer 36

Increases gastric secretions

Question 37

What does secretin do in the stomach?

Answer 37

Decreases gastric secretions and motility, stimulates bile secretions from liver

Question 38

What does cholecystokinin do?

Answer 38

Decreases gastric motility, stimulates bile release from gallbladder, stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes