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Anatomy 1B > Control of Body Systems > Flashcards

Control of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral

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2
Q

What are the 2 functional divisions of the nervous system?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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3
Q

Which part of the spinal cord does the sympathetic NVS arise from?

A

T1-L2

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4
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic NVS located?

A

Lateral horn of the spinal cord (paravertebral chain)

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5
Q

Which part of the spinal cord does the parasympathetic NVS arise from?

A

Brainstem (cranial nerves) and S2-S4

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic NVS?

A

III, VII, IX, X

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7
Q

What do the sacral regions of the parasympathetic NVS innervate?

A

Pelvic viscera

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8
Q

Which nerve controls the facial muscles?

A

Facial nerve (VII)

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9
Q

Which nerve innervates the prehensile tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

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10
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastcation?

A

Temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

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11
Q

Which cranial nerves control salivation?

A

Facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

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12
Q

Which nerves (cranial) control the voluntary phase of swallowing?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X)

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13
Q

What action initiates the peristaltic (involuntary) movements of swallowing?

A

Food in oesophagus stimulates myenteric plexus

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14
Q

Which nerve plexi are associated with the enteric NVS?

A

Submucosal and myenteric plexi

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15
Q

Which nerve signals to the stomach that food is incoming?

A

Vagus (X) - increases and upregulates gastric secretions (positive feedback mechanism)

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16
Q

How is the internal anal sphincter relaxed?

A

Local reflexes (smooth muscle)

17
Q

Which nerve mediates voluntary control of the external anal and urinary sphincters?

A

Pudendal nerve

18
Q

Which sympathetic nerves cause vasodilation of arteries in erectile bodies? (musculocavernous)

A

Pelvic nerves

19
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland is neuronal?

A

Posterior

20
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland is hormonal?

A

Anterior

21
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

22
Q

What does the pineal gland produce/release?

A

Melatonin

23
Q

Which branch of the autonomic NVS sends impulses to the pineal gland?

A

Sympathetic (via hypothalamus)

24
Q

Why is the pineal gland larger in sheep than humans?

A

It also controls seasonal breeding (affects FSH/LH release)

25
Q

What type of epithelium are the follicular cells of the thyroid gland?

A

Simple cuboidal

26
Q

What are the follicles of the thyroid gland filled with?

A

Thyroglobulin (precursor for thyroid hormones)

27
Q

What do the follicular cells secrete?

A

T3 and T4 (iodine-dependent)

28
Q

What do the parafollicular cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin (decreases blood calcium levels)

29
Q

What is TSH/where is it released from?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone - released from AP gland to increase synthesis/release of T3 and T4 in thyroid in response to stressors/cold

30
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

31
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increase calcium levels in blood

32
Q

What is released from the adrenal medulla with sympathetic stimulation?

A

Adrenaline/noradrenaline

33
Q

What is released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Steroid hormones (aldosterone/cortisol/androgens)

34
Q

What is released from the thymus in infants?

A

Thymosin - involved in immune system development

35
Q

Which cells of the pancreas have an exocrine function?

A

Acini cells (digestive enzymes)

36
Q

What does gastrin do in the stomach?

A

Increases gastric secretions

37
Q

What does secretin do in the stomach?

A

Decreases gastric secretions and motility, stimulates bile secretions from liver

38
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

Decreases gastric motility, stimulates bile release from gallbladder, stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes

Anatomy 1B (6 decks)

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