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Systems: The Cardiovascular System > Control Of Blood Pressure Short Term & Long Term > Flashcards

Control Of Blood Pressure Short Term & Long Term Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the baroreceptors found that control blood pressure short term ?

A

The carotid sinus and the aortic arch

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2
Q

What do baroreceptors react to ?

A

Stretch

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3
Q

What sets the ‘normal’ blood pressure for an individual ?

A

The number of action potentials per minute

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4
Q

The sympathetic system does what to blood pressure ?

A

Increases blood pressure

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5
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system does what to blood pressure?

A

Lowers blood pressure

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6
Q

What is driving blood through the systemic circulation?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

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7
Q

Where are the cardiovascular centres in the brain found ?

A

The medulla

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8
Q

Via what nerve does the aortic arch communicate to the brain ?

A

The vagus nerve

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9
Q

Via what nerve does the carotid sinus communicate with the brain ?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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10
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the strength of contractions ?

A

It will increase contractions via Beta 1 receptors.

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11
Q

Where are higher centres found & what is their purpose ?

A

They are found in the hypothalamus & they are a feed forward system that preempts actions

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12
Q

What is the Valsalva Manoeuvre ?

A

Forced expiration against a closed glottis

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13
Q

Explain what is occurring within the body during stage I of the valsalva manoeuvre

A

The pressure in the thoracic cavity increases & this pressure is transmitted across the aorta

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14
Q

Explain what is occurring within the body during stage II of the Valsalva manoeuvre

A 
This increase in thoracic pressure causes the following to drop:
Cardiac output
Venous return
Mean arterial pressure
Stroke volume
End diastolic volume
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15
Q

Explain what occurs within the body during stage III of the Valsalva manoeuvre

A

The baroreceptors in the aorta pick up the drop in MAP & increases cardiac output & total peripheral resistance

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16
Q

Explain what occurs within the body during stage IV of the Valsalva manoeuvre

A

The thoracic pressure decreases & this is transmitted through the aorta

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17
Q

Explain what occurs within the body during stage V of the Valsalva manoeuvre

A

Venous return is returned to normal therefore stroke volume increase but the reflex of increased CO & TPR has not worn off & then normality returns

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18
Q

What effect does standing have on blood pressure ?

A

Mean arterial pressure will drop when you stand due to the increase in hydro-static pressure which causes pooling of the blood in the lower extremities. The number of action potentials firing through the aortic baroreceptors decreases

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19
Q

What controls long term blood pressure ?

A

Long term blood pressure is not controlled by baroreceptors, its controlled by plasma volume & the kidneys & a hormone system

20
Q

Na transport depends on what within the kidney/collecting tube ?

A

The osmotic gradient present on the outside of the collecting duct

21
Q

If total plasma volume decreases what will happen to the blood pressure ?

A

Blood pressure will decrease

22
Q

What is the RAAS system ?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System

23
Q

What cells within the kidney release renin ?

A

Juxtaglomelular Cells

24
Q

What is the name of the cells that sense Sodium concentration within the kidney ?

A

Maculadensa Cells

25
Q

What are the three things that trigger the juxtaglomelular cells to release Renin ?

A

1: Sympathetic nerve cell input (fight or flight)
2: Low NaCl as noticed by the maculadensa cells
3: When blood pressure is low, detcted by afferent arteriole (lack of distension)

26
Q

How do the maculadensa cells communicate with the juxtaglomelular cells ?

A

Prostaglandins

27
Q

Where is Angiotensinogen made ?

A

The liver

28
Q

What makes breaks Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I ?

A

Renin

29
Q

How is Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II ?

A

Angiotensin I travels through the blood vessels and the endothelial cells convert Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

30
Q

What are the four types of cell that Angiotensin II act on to increase blood pressure/regulate blood pressure ?

A

1: The adrenal Gland
2: The smooth muscle in blood vessels
3: The kidney cells
4: The pituitary Gland

31
Q

What happens in the adrenal gland when acted upon by Angiotensin II ?

A

The adrenal gland releases Aldosterone.
Aldosterone acts upon the kidney cells, telling them to hold onto water/plasma volume which increases stroke volume.
An increase in SV increases BP.

32
Q

What happens in the smooth muscle when acted upon by Angiotensin II ?

A

Angiotensin II makes the smooth muscle constrict which increases total peripheral resistance which increases blood pressure.

33
Q

What happens to kidney cells when acted upon by Angiotensin II ?

A

The kidney cells hold onto their volume/water volume, which increases stroke volume which will increase blood pressure

34
Q

What happens in the pituitary gland when acted upon by Angiotensin II ?

A

The pituitary gland releases ADH.
Anti-Diuretic Hormone acts on the smooth muscle within the blood vessels causing constriction & also acts on the kidney cells causing them to hold onto their volume.
Therefore increase in TPR & SV increases BP.

35
Q

Where is atrial natriuretic peptide produced and released ?

A

ANP is produced and released by the myocardial cells within the atria

36
Q

What does ANP do to the blood pressure and how does it do this ?

A

ANP reduces blood pressure by increasing diuresis & increasing the secretion of Na. Therefore decreasing blood volume & decreasing blood pressure.

37
Q

What triggers the release of ANP ?

A

An increase in blood volume through the atria, increased distension.

38
Q

Where is BNP released ?

A

The ventricles of the heart

39
Q

What would a blood pressure be for an individual with stage 1 hypertension ?

A

140/90

40
Q

What would a blood pressure be for an individual with stage 2 hypertension ?

A

160/100

41
Q

What would be the first line anti-hypertensive drug prescribed to a young person ?

A

ACE Inhibitor

42
Q

What would be the first line anti-hypertensive drug prescribed to an elderly person ?

A

Calcium Channel Blocker or Thiazide type diuretic

43
Q

Explain the stepped approach to the treatment of hypertension

A

Drugs aimed at the treatment of hypertension should not be taken away or stopped. Drugs should continue to be added until the desired blood pressure is reached

44
Q

What anti-hypertensive treatment should be given to women of child bearing age or pre-pregnancy ?

A

NOT ARB OR ACE

Nifedipine, Methyl Dopa or Atenolol

45
Q

What anti-hypertensive treatment should be given to women during pregnancy ?

A

Nifedipin, Methyl Dopa or Atenolol with the addition of a thiazide type diuretic and/or amlodipine

Systems: The Cardiovascular System (15 decks)

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