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Physiology III Exam 2 > Control of Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Control of Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What does rapid short term control of blood pressure involve?

A

Nervous system’s effect on vascular smooth muscle

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2
Q

What does long term control of blood pressure involve?

A

Dominated by the kidneys (renal-body fluid balance)

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3
Q

Control of blood pressure is accomplished by either affecting one of what 2 things?

A

Vascular tone or blood volume

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4
Q

What are baroreceptors and where are they located?

A

Spray type nerve endings in vessel walls

Abundant in carotid sinus and arch of aorta

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5
Q

What stimulates baroreceptors?

A

Stretch

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6
Q

Baroreceptors inhibit the pressor center via what?

A

CN IX, X and NTS

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7
Q

What are the net effects of baroreceptors?

A

Vasodilation

Decreased cardiac output

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8
Q

Are baroreceptors more sensitive to changing pressure or static pressure?

A

Changing pressure

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9
Q

How do baroreceptors act as buffers?

A

Buffer change in BP to change in blood volume

Buffer change in BP to change in body position

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10
Q

Where are low pressure baroreceptors located?

A

Artial walls and pulmonary arteries

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11
Q

What do low pressure baroreceptors do?

A

Augment arterial baroreceptors

Minimize arterial pressure changes in response to blood volume changes

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12
Q

What happens during a baroreceptor reflex-“low pressure?”

A

Decreased heart rate

Increased urine production

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13
Q

How is urine production increased during the baroreceptor reflex?

A

Decreased SNS in renal nerves

Decreased secretion of ADH

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14
Q

Stretch on the atrial wall stimulates what 3 things?

A

Baroreceptor reflex
Bainbridge reflex
Release of atrial natriuretic peptide

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15
Q

What does the bainbridge reflex do?

A

Increase heart rate

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16
Q

What are the functions of atrial natiuretic peptide?

A

Diuretic, natriuretic, vasodilator

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17
Q

What does the renal-body fluid system do?

A

Arterial pressure control
Increased ECF will cause arterial pressure to rise
Kidneys excrete excess ECF

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18
Q

What are some determinants of long term arterial pressure?

A
  • The degree of shift of the renal output curve for water and salt
  • The level of the water and salt intake line
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19
Q

Will increased total peripheral resistance (TPR) create a long term elevation of BP if fluid intake and renal function do not change?

A

NO

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20
Q

Where does filtration take place in the kidney?

A

Glomerular capillaries

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21
Q

What can glomerular capillaries do?

A
  • Filtration

- Constrict to autoregulate renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate when arterial blood pressure is rising

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22
Q

Where does reabsorption take place in the kidney?

A

Peritubular capillaries

23
Q

What are vasa rect?

A

Specialized peritubular capillaries associated with juxtamedullary nephrons

24
Q

What happens to arterial pressure as extracellular fluid levels rise?

A

Rise

25
Q

What is involved in an acute renal output curve?

A

Effect of arterial pressure alone

26
Q

What is involved in a chronic renal output curve?

A

Effect of arterial pressure plus:

  • SNS stimulation
  • Renin-angiotensin system
  • Aldosterone
  • ADH
  • ANP
27
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons account for what percentage of all nephrons?

A

15%

28
Q

What do juxtamedullary nephrons do?

A

Concentrate urine

29
Q

Cortical nephrons account for what percentage of all nephrons?

A

85%

30
Q

What hormones decrease renal blood flow (RBF)

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Angiotensin II

31
Q

What hormones increase renal blood flow (RBF)

A

Prostaglandins (E & I)

32
Q

What does tubuloglomerular feedback monitor?

A

NaCl in macula densa of the distal tubule

33
Q

What does decreasing NaCl in the maucla densa stimulate?

A

Renin release from the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
&
Dilation of afferent arteriole

34
Q

Increasing renin stimulates the increase in what hormone?

A

Angiotensin II

35
Q

Increasing angiotensin II causes what effect in efferent arterioles?

A

Resistance

36
Q

Where is renin synthesized, stored, and released from?

A

Smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole (primary)

37
Q

What stimulates renin?

A
  • Decreased perfusion pressure
  • SNS stimulation
  • Decreased NaCl delivery to macula densa
  • Hormonal stimulation
    • Thyroid hormone
    • Growth hormone
38
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen?

A

Renin

39
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I in the lung?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme associated with pulmonary endothelium

40
Q

What are 4 functions of angiotensin II?

A
  • Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
  • Stimulates release of ADH
  • Stimulates kidney
  • Stimulates thirst/drinking behavior
41
Q

What is the net effect of angiotensin II?

A

Decrease Na and H20 secretion = Increasing blood pressure and tightening blood vessels

42
Q

What happens if one renal artery is tied off?

A 
Systemic hypertension (increased renin & angiotensin II)
No uremia
43
Q

What happens if one renal artery is tied off and the kidney is removed?

A

No hypertension or uremia

44
Q

What happens if both renal arteries are tied off and both kidneys removed?

A

Hypertension and uremia

45
Q

What is “Goldblatt hypertensive model?”

A

Hypertension generated by tying off a renal artery

46
Q

In the one kidney variety of the Goldblatt HTN model, what happens with renin?

A

Initially high

47
Q

In the two kidney model of Goldblatt HTN model, what happens with renin?

A

Renin from the restricted kidney causes fluid retention of the good kidney

48
Q

What are some beneficial effects of slow breathing (especially in CHF paitents)?

A
  • Increased resting oxygen saturation
  • Improves ventilation/perfusion mismatching
  • Improves exercise tolerance by decreasing sense of dyspnea
  • Decreased chemoreflex activation
  • Decreased SNS activity (increased vagal tone?)
  • Decreased SBP and DBP
49
Q

What is the effect of increasing antioxidants on free radicals?

A

Reduces free radicals = nitric oxide can last longer, lowering BP

50
Q

What are some examples of antioxidants?

A 
Glutathione
Melatonin
Superoxide dismustase
Beta-carotene
Lutein
Lycopene
Selenium
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
51
Q

What is serotonin’s effect on SNS activation?

A

Inhibit (at CNS level)

52
Q

What is nitric oxide’s effect on sympathetic nerve activity?

A

Inhibit it centrally

53
Q

Bradycardia and hypotension are promoted by what two humoral substances?

A

Serotonin and nitric oxide

Physiology III Exam 2 (7 decks)

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