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A-Level Biology > Control of blood glucose concentration > Flashcards

Control of blood glucose concentration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hyperglycaemic?

A

Lots of sugar = H2O removed

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2
Q

What is hypoglycaemic?

A

Not enough sugar = energy deprived from cells

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3
Q

Where does glucose come from?

A

Diet
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
Gluconeogenesis

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4
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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5
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Formation of glycogen from excess glucose

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6
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Production of glucose

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7
Q

What is the glucose made from produced in gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycerol + amino acids (liver)

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8
Q

Why is the pancreas important?

A

Produces digestive enzymes

Produces hormones

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9
Q

What does the pancreas contain?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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10
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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11
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Increase blood sugar levels

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12
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Decrease blood sugar levels

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13
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Hormones producing cells

Beta + alpha cells

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14
Q

Which cells produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

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15
Q

Which cells produce insulin?

A

Beta cells

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16
Q

How do the islets of Langerhans work?

A

Antagonistically

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17
Q

What is the second messenger model used by?

A

Non lipid-soluble hormones

18
Q

What does the second messenger model initiate?

A

Response inside of cells

19
Q

What happens in second messenger model?

A

Adenylate cyclase activated
Converts ATP to cyclic AMP
cAMP activates kinase enzyme
Glycogenolysis occurs

20
Q

Describe how insulin reduced the conc of glucose in the blood

A

Beta cells detect increased conc
Insulin secreted
Insulin binds to glycoproteins on cell surface membrane
Alters tertiary structure of glucose channel
Activates carrier proteins to open glucose channel
Increased permeability of muscle
Glucose is converted to glycogen (glycogenesis)
BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS DECREASE

21
Q

Describe how glucagon increases conc of glucose in the blood

A

Alpha cells detect drop in glucose conc
Secrete glucagon
Only liver cells have glucagon receptors
Activates kinase enzyme = glycogenolysis + gluconeogenesis
Glucose released
BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS INCREASE

22
Q

How does insulin control rely on antagonistic + negative feedback mechanisms?

A

Corrective mechanism

Glucagon + glucose act oppositely

23
Q

What can diabetes be called?

A

Mellitus

24
Q

What happens with diabetes?

A

Cannot metabolise carbohydrates effectively

25
Q

What is Type 1?

A

Insulin dependant

26
Q

What is Type 2?

A

Insulin independent

27
Q

When does Type 1 happen?

A

Early onset

28
Q

When does Type 2 happen?

A

Often correlated with obesity

29
Q

How can Type 1 be treated?

A

Insulin injections

Regulated/monitored using biosensor

30
Q

How can Type 2 be treated?

A

Monitoring carbohydrate intake + exercise

31
Q

What happens in Type 1 diabetes?

A

Immune system attacks beta cells

32
Q

What happens in Type 2 diabetes?

A

Produce insulin but cells don’t respond

Glycoproteins receptors lose responsiveness to insulin

33
Q

Does Type 1 produce insulin?

A

NO

34
Q

Why wouldn’t you transplant the pancreas of someone with Type 2 diabetes?

A

As still produce insulin

But cells don’t respond

35
Q

What are symptoms of diabetes?

A 
High blood glucose levels
Glucose in urine
Thirst + hunger
Urinate frequently
Weight loss
36
Q

What do some people with diabetes gain blurred vision?

A

As shape of lens changes

Affects nerves = poor blood circulation

37
Q

Why do people with diabetes produce glucose in urine?

A

Glucose cannot be reabsorbed

38
Q

Why do people with diabetes get thirsty + hungry?

A

Decrease water potential = more H2O lost

39
Q

Why do people with diabetes urinate frequently?

A

Lack of glucose

40
Q

Why do people with diabetes get very tired?

A

Low respiratory rate

41
Q

Why do people with diabetes lose weight?

A

Less glucose = less energy for growth + repair = cells start to break down

A-Level Biology (21 decks)

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