Biological Molecules- enzymes and more Flashcards
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate
What does ATP contain?
3 phosphate groups
One molecules of ribose
Adenine
What hydrolyses ATP?
ATP hydralase
What is released when ATP is hydrolysed?
Energy
What type of reaction is it when ATP is hydrolysed?
Exergonic
What are the products when ATP is hydrolysed?
ADP and a phosphate group
How do you get from ADP + Pi back to ATP?
Condensation reaction
What is need to get from ADP + Pi back to ATP?
Energy
What is the reaction needed for energy?
Endergonic
What is the energy released used for?
Movement/ muscle contraction Active transport Breakdown + synthesis of new molecules Enzyme controlled reactions Polymer synthesis
What is high surface tension?
The uneven distribution of force at a boundary interface caused by molecular bonding
What is the biological importance of water having a high surface tension?
Allows water to form a skin that supports small aquatic organisms to walk over it
What is density?
A measure of mass per unit volume
What is the biological importance of water having a lighter density when it is a solid?
In winter it acts as an insulator for organisms living below it in the water
What is a universal solvent?
A liquid substance that can dissolve a wide range of molecules
What is the biological importance of water being a universal solvent?
It can act as a transport medium
What is high specific heat capacity?
The amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree
What is the biological importance of water having a high specific heat capacity?
Helps maintain a constant temperature needed for cells and acts as a temperature buffer
What is cohesion?
The tendency of molecules of a substance to attract one another
What is the biological importance of water being cohesive?
Molecules are pulled upwards through the xylem’s tissue
What is adhesion?
The tendency of molecules to be attracted to other molecules of a different type
What is the biological importance of water being adhesive?
Strong force of attraction between water molecules and walls of xylem so transpiration takes place
Why do we need DNA replication?
Growth
Development/specialisation
Reproduction
What is conservative replication?
One daughter molecules contains both parental DNA
Other contains DNA strands of new synthesised DNA
What is dispersive replication?
Parental DNA is interspersed between two daughter molecules
What is semi-conservative DNA?
Both DNA helices consist of one parental and one new strand
Which way does our DNA replicate by?
Semi-conservative
How does semi-conservative replication work?
DNA helicase breaks H bonds in helix
Each exposed strand acts as a template
Free nucleotide attracted to complementary bases
Free nucleotides line up and reform H bonds
DNA polymerase catalyses polymerisation of nucleotides to form nucleotide chain with phosphodiester bond
Two new DNA molecules formed each with original strand of parental DNA
How do we know our DNA replicates by semi-conservative replication?
Grew cells in N15
Used a centrifuge to separate according to weight
Mixed N15 and N14
Half DNA contained half heavy and half light = disproved conservative
Second division disproved dispersive
What is RNA?
Polymer of nucleotides
What sugar is present in DNA?
Deoxyribose
What sugar is present in RNA?
Ribose
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix
What is the structure of RNA?
Single stranded
What is the base pairing of DNA?
Thymine to adenine
Guanine to cytosine