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A-Level Biology > Biological Molecules- enzymes and more > Flashcards

Biological Molecules- enzymes and more Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

What does ATP contain?

A

3 phosphate groups
One molecules of ribose
Adenine

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3
Q

What hydrolyses ATP?

A

ATP hydralase

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4
Q

What is released when ATP is hydrolysed?

A

Energy

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5
Q

What type of reaction is it when ATP is hydrolysed?

A

Exergonic

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6
Q

What are the products when ATP is hydrolysed?

A

ADP and a phosphate group

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7
Q

How do you get from ADP + Pi back to ATP?

A

Condensation reaction

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8
Q

What is need to get from ADP + Pi back to ATP?

A

Energy

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9
Q

What is the reaction needed for energy?

A

Endergonic

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10
Q

What is the energy released used for?

A 
Movement/ muscle contraction
Active transport
Breakdown + synthesis of new molecules
Enzyme controlled reactions
Polymer synthesis
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11
Q

What is high surface tension?

A

The uneven distribution of force at a boundary interface caused by molecular bonding

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12
Q

What is the biological importance of water having a high surface tension?

A

Allows water to form a skin that supports small aquatic organisms to walk over it

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13
Q

What is density?

A

A measure of mass per unit volume

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14
Q

What is the biological importance of water having a lighter density when it is a solid?

A

In winter it acts as an insulator for organisms living below it in the water

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15
Q

What is a universal solvent?

A

A liquid substance that can dissolve a wide range of molecules

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16
Q

What is the biological importance of water being a universal solvent?

A

It can act as a transport medium

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17
Q

What is high specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree

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18
Q

What is the biological importance of water having a high specific heat capacity?

A

Helps maintain a constant temperature needed for cells and acts as a temperature buffer

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19
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency of molecules of a substance to attract one another

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20
Q

What is the biological importance of water being cohesive?

A

Molecules are pulled upwards through the xylem’s tissue

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21
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The tendency of molecules to be attracted to other molecules of a different type

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22
Q

What is the biological importance of water being adhesive?

A

Strong force of attraction between water molecules and walls of xylem so transpiration takes place

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23
Q

Why do we need DNA replication?

A

Growth
Development/specialisation
Reproduction

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24
Q

What is conservative replication?

A

One daughter molecules contains both parental DNA

Other contains DNA strands of new synthesised DNA

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25
Q

What is dispersive replication?

A

Parental DNA is interspersed between two daughter molecules

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26
Q

What is semi-conservative DNA?

A

Both DNA helices consist of one parental and one new strand

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27
Q

Which way does our DNA replicate by?

A

Semi-conservative

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28
Q

How does semi-conservative replication work?

A

DNA helicase breaks H bonds in helix
Each exposed strand acts as a template
Free nucleotide attracted to complementary bases
Free nucleotides line up and reform H bonds
DNA polymerase catalyses polymerisation of nucleotides to form nucleotide chain with phosphodiester bond
Two new DNA molecules formed each with original strand of parental DNA

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29
Q

How do we know our DNA replicates by semi-conservative replication?

A

Grew cells in N15
Used a centrifuge to separate according to weight
Mixed N15 and N14
Half DNA contained half heavy and half light = disproved conservative
Second division disproved dispersive

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30
Q

What is RNA?

A

Polymer of nucleotides

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31
Q

What sugar is present in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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32
Q

What sugar is present in RNA?

A

Ribose

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33
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

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34
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single stranded

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35
Q

What is the base pairing of DNA?

A

Thymine to adenine

Guanine to cytosine

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36
Q

What is the base pairing of RNA?

A

No base pairing but uracil replaced thymine

37
Q

What is the length of DNA?

A

Larger molecule

38
Q

What is the length of RNA?

A

Smaller molecule

39
Q

Can you predict percentage of base pairs in DNA?

40
Q

Can you predict percentage of base pairs in RNA?

A

No because it is single stranded

41
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

Copies of DNA, they leave the nucleus through nuclear pores in the membrane and give instructions to the ribosomes

42
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A

Makes up part of ribosome structure

43
Q

What is transfer RNA?

A

Used to carry specific amino acids during the process of protein synthesis

44
Q

How does protein synthesis work?

A

DNA helicase breaks H bonds
mRNA makes copy of DNA template strand
mRNA leaves through nuclear pores
Ribosome attaches to mRNA
tRNA molecules attach to complementary anti-codon
Each amino acid joins to form a polypeptide

45
Q

What is transcription?

A

Steps involved in protein synthesis that happens inside of the nucleus

46
Q

What is translation?

A

Steps involved in protein synthesis that happens outside of the nucleus

47
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule made up of smaller repeating units called monomers

48
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
Organic base

49
Q

What is the bond between a phosphate group and sugar?

A

Ester bond

50
Q

What is the bond between a base and sugar?

A

Glycosidic bond

51
Q

What are the bases?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

52
Q

What is the bond created when a sugar from one nucleotide is condensed to a phosphate group from another nucleotide?

A

Phosphodiester

53
Q

How many H bonds are between cytosine and guanine?

54
Q

How many H bonds are between adenine and thymine?

55
Q

How is the sugar backbone created?

A

By the condensing a sugar from one nucleotide with a phosphate group from another nucleotide

56
Q

What are the advantages of the lock and key model?

A

Shows the active site is complementary to the substrate

Correctly identifies the concept of the active site and substrate binding and a catalysis occurs

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of the lock and key model?

A

Doesn’t show the products produced

Doesn’t show how some enzymes can act on a small number of similar structures

58
Q

What does the induced fit model show?

A

Active sit changes shape as the substrate binds, causing a change in shape of substrate
Change in shape induces a strain in the substrate bonds, which lowers the activation energy

59
Q

What are the advantages of the induced fit model?

A

Explains how enzyme substrate complex lowers the activation energy
Explains how the products are released
Flexibility of active site explains how an enzyme can act on two similar substrates
Flexibility of proteins provide a better explanation of non-competitive inhibition

60
Q

What are the factors that effect enzymes?

A

pH
Temperature
Enzyme conc
Substrate conc

61
Q

What happens at a low temp?

A

Slow rate as enzymes don’t have enough KE so there is less successful collisions

62
Q

What happens at a optimum temp?

A

Fastest rate as enzymes have lots of KE so there is more successful collisions

63
Q

What happens at a high temp?

A

Slow rate as the temp is too hot so H bonds in active site has broken so it has denatured

64
Q

What happens at low pH?

A

Slow rate as there is a high amount of H+ ions so bonds break so active site denatures

65
Q

What happens at optimum pH?

A

Fastest rate as creates perfect conditions for successful collisions

66
Q

What happens at high pH?

A

Slow rate as bonds are broken so active site denatures

67
Q

What happens when you change the pH?

A

Change the charge of amino acids that form the active site so the substrate isn’t complementary

68
Q

What does the graph of enzyme and substrate conc look like?

A

Increases then plateaus

69
Q

What happens at low substrate conc?

A

Slow rate as less substrates to occupy active sites so less successful collisions

70
Q

What happens at optimum substrate conc?

A

Fast rate as there is enough substrates for enzymes so there is more successful collisions

71
Q

What happens at high substrate conc (Vmax)?

A

Plateaus as too may substrates for enzymes

72
Q

What happens at low enzyme conc?

A

Slow rate as less enzymes than substrates so there is less successful collisions

73
Q

What happens at optimum enzyme conc?

A

Fast rate as enough enzymes to collide with all substrates so more successful collisions

74
Q

What happens at high enzyme conc?

A

Rate plateaus as too many enzymes for substrates

75
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom that carries a charge

76
Q

What are the ions you need to know about?

A 
Hydrogen
Iron
Sodium
Phosphate
Calcium
Magnesium
Nitrogen
77
Q

What are hydrogen ions used for?

A

Controlling and altering pH

78
Q

Why are hydrogen ions are important?

A

Because if the pH is incorrect proteins will become denatured

79
Q

What are hydrogen ions important for?

A

Proteins require optimum pH
Proteins denature in incorrect pH
Enzymes are required for metabolic processes
Channel proteins

80
Q

What is iron a component of?

A

Haemoglobin

81
Q

What is iron content mainly controlled by?

82
Q

What is iron involved in?

A

Electron transport chain in respiration

83
Q

What is sodium important for?

A

Sodium potassium pump- co-transport

84
Q

What does sodium control?

A

Movement of glucose in/out of the cell
Amino acids moving in/out of the cell
Establishes nervous impulse

85
Q

What are phosphate ions components of?

A

Nucleic acids (DNA + RNA)
ATP
Phospholipids
NAD + NADP in photosynthesis

86
Q

What is calcium important for?

A

Strong bones and teeth

87
Q

What is magnesium important for?

A

Component of chlorophyll

88
Q

What is nitrogen important for?

A

Protein synthesis in plants

Nitrogenous bases in nucleotides

A-Level Biology (21 decks)

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