Cells Flashcards
What organelles does the animal cell have?
Nucleus Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic recticulum Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Vesicles Rough endoplasmic recticulum
What makes up the animal cell’s nucleus?
Nuclear envelopes
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls the cell and contains the genetic material
What is the structure of ribosomes?
Made of two sub units- one large and small
Contains ribosomal RNA and protein
What are the two types of ribosomes?
80S- Larger
70S- Smaller
What is the function of ribsomes?
Site of protein synthesis
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Double membrane
Strand of DNA
What are the outer and inner parts of the mitochondria membrane called?
Outer- matrix
Inner- cristae
What is the function of mitochondria?
Releases energy for the cell through respiration
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bi-layer
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls what moves in and out of the cell
What is the structure of the RER?
Ribosomes are present
What is the function of the RER?
Site of protein synthesis
Transport of materials
What is the structure of golgi apparatus?
Stack of membranes containing vesicles
What is the function of golgi apparatus?
Transport, modify and store proteins and lipids from the ER
Produce lysosomes and secretory enzymes
What is the structure of SER?
No ribosomes
What is the function of SER?
Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Where chemical reactions happen for life to occur
What is the structure of lysosomes?
Contains up to 50 enzymes
Membrane
What is the function of lysosomes?
Remove useless/dangerous materials
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Help with photosynthesis
What is the function of the vacuole?
Keeps the cell rigid
What is the structure of the cell wall?
Made of cellulose
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides the cell with strength and structure
What is a eukaryote?
A cell with a true nucleus with a nuclear envelope (membrane) surrounding chromosomes and membrane - bound organelles
What is a prokaryote?
A cell that lacks membrane- bound nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles
What type of DNA does prokaryotes have
Single stranded and circular DNA
What is the difference between prokaryotic DNA to eukaryotic DNA?
It’s not stored in a nucleus and it;s not associated with histones
What is the difference between prokaryotic organelles to eukaryotic organelles?
They aren’t membrane bound organelles
What is the difference between prokaryotic ribosomes to eukaryotic ribosomes?
They have 70S ribosomes
What is the difference between prokaryotic cell wall to eukaryotic cell wall?
Bacterial cell wall is made from murein whereas a eukaryote’s is made from cellulose
What is the difference between prokaryotic capsule to eukaryotic capsule?
Some have them but eukaryotes don’t
What is the difference between prokaryotic size to eukaryotic size?
They are smaller
What is the size of a prokaryote?
0.1 to 5.0 nano meters
What is the size of a Eukaryote?
10 to 100 nano meters
Why is prokaryotic DNA more simple?
So it can multiply quicker and adapt to new environments quicker
How many nano meters in a millimetre?
1000
Why might bacterial cells evolved from mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Similar size and shape
70S ribosomes
Own strand of DNA
How do antibiotics work without harming your other cells?
They attack parts of bacterial cells that other cells don’t have, for example cell wall, 70S ribosomes and certain enzymes found in prokaryotes
What is the function of the capsule?
Protection
What is a virus?
A microscopic intracellular parasite organism that infects other organisms
What is the structure of a virus?
CD4 proteins on surface Phospholipid membrane Matrix Capsid Viral RNA Viral enzymes
What are the enzymes found in the virus?
Reverse transcriptase
Intergrase
Protease
What do viruses rely on to replicate?
Introducing their own DNA into the host cell
How do viruses replicate?
Enters bloodstream
Protein binds to CD4 on T-helper cells
Capsid fuses with cell membrane
RNA and enzymes enter T-helper cell
Reverse transcriptase converts virus RNA to DNA
DNA enters nucleus and inserts into host’s DNA
Creates mRNA using cells enzymes to make viral proteins
mRNA moves out through nuclear pores
Protein synthesis to make proteins
Breaks away from T-helper to infect other cells
What is magnification?
The act or process of enlarging the physical appearance or image of something
What is resolution?
The minimum distance apart two objects can be in order to appear as separate items
What are the three types of microscopes?
Light
Scanning electron
Transmission electron
What is the advantages and disadvantages of a light microscope?
Cheap -A
Easy to prepare -A
Poor resolution -D
Cannot see smaller organelles -D
What are the advantages of a TEM?
High resolution
High magnification
What are the disadvantages of a TEM?
Expensive
No colour/ 2D image
Stained with heavy metal
Vacuum
What are the advantages of a SEM?
3D image and colour
High magnification
High resolution
What are the disadvantages of a SEM?
Lower resolution than TEM
Stained with gold
Specimen must be dead
Vacuum
Why do electron microscopes have a better resolution?
Because they have a shorter wavelength
What is the equation for magnification?
Image/actual size
How do you get from mm to micrometers?
x1000
How do you get from micrometres to nano meters?
x1000
How do you find out the total magnification when using a microscope?
Magnification of eyepiece X magnification of objective lens
What is cell fractionation?
The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated out
What must a buffered solution?
Ice cold
Buffered (same pH)
Isotonic