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Russia A-LEVEL History! Lenin to Yeltsin 1917-91 > Control - Mass Media And Propaganda > Flashcards

Control - Mass Media And Propaganda Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Lenin call newspapers?

A

‘Mouthpieces of the bourgeoisie’

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2
Q

Dates regarding banning newspapers

A

1917 = all non-socialist papers banned
Early 1920s = all non-Bolshevik papers eradicated

1917 = decree on the press

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3
Q

What were requirements for editors and journalists?

A
  • must be government employees
  • part of the ‘Union of Soviet Journalists’
  • party members
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4
Q

What must be done to all articles before publishing?

A

Approved by Glavlit:
- GPU put in charge of monitoring all books
- professional censors employed
- purged libraries of politically dangerous books

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5
Q

GLAVLIT

A

Censorship office
- by 1928 controlled all access to economic data

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6
Q

Pravda

A

‘Truth’ - Party paper

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7
Q

Izvestiya

A

‘News’ - paper of the government

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8
Q

Trud

A

‘Labour’ - newspaper of the workers unions (most popular)

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9
Q

Circulation of Pravda by 1983

A

10.7 million

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10
Q

Circulation of Trud 1983

A

13.5 million

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11
Q

How were papers made accessible?

A

CHEAP
- posted on boards
- at workplaces

Ensured high readership

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12
Q

What was the guiding principle of the soviet newspapers?

A

Partiinost = ‘party-mindedness’
- promoting the party / ‘party-spirit’
- views that are aligned with the party, praising the party and saying the party is always right

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13
Q

Main things conveyed by papers:

A
  • propaganda
  • soviet achievements
  • production target successes
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14
Q

Main things avoided/prohibited from papers?

A
  • natural disasters
  • plane crashes
  • mass emergencies
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15
Q

What was particularly prevalent in papers in the Stalin era?

A

Production targets and sucessed

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16
Q

Example of achievement boasted about by newspapers

A

Aviators flying over the northpole

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17
Q

Example of continued censorship under Khrushchev

A

Kyshtym disaster - 1957
Nuclear waste storage tank explodes
200 dead
27000 left in areas exposed to HIGH radiation

NEVER REPORTED ON

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18
Q

Example of delayed reporting under Brezhnev

A

1972 Moscow Fire

Reported on at least a month after fire put out

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19
Q

Local newspapers (more lenience under Khrushchev)

A

Allowed to criticise minor bureaucrats.
Criticisms of Party Leaders not allowed.
Limits on what could report on.

20
Q

How were magazines used?

A

Aimed at specific people (eg: farmers, teachers, children with specific hobbies)

Reported of specific topics - BUT had to carry govt. propaganda throughout

21
Q

Example magazine

A

Red Sport - 1924
Sovetskii sport replaced it after 1946

HUGE POPULARITY: honest and accurate but had to also carry political news

22
Q

Why was radio easy to manipulate?

A

It was a new development - no established normal or tradition of independent activity:

It was easy for them to manipulate.

23
Q

When was the first important use of radio by the soviets?

A

1917 revolution was broadcast on radio in morse code.

24
Q

When was voice radio invented

A

1921

25
Q

What did voice radio broadcast at first?

A

The SPOKEN NEWSPAPER OF THE RUSSIAN TELEGRAPH AGENCY

26
Q

How was radio made accessible?

A

Radios = EXPENSIVE

So load speakers put in towns for group listening

27
Q

How was radio controlled?

A

Commissariat for Posts and Telegraph

28
Q

When and where was the first well-established telegraph agency?

A

Moscow 1922

29
Q

Why was radio more effective at spreading govt. messages than newspapers?

A

65% of the population was illiterate

30
Q

Example of great radio propaganda

A

German Invasion 1941:

Stalin gives speech in Red Square, calls back to Revolution broadcast.
Reassured and motivated the Russian people.

31
Q

Example of expansive control by radio

A

New apartment blocks had radio reception and radios wired into the walls!

32
Q

When did the choice of station expand?

A

Until 1964 = only ONE

Under Brezhnev = choice of 3!

33
Q

How did the government control radio propaganda

A
  • Vetted by Commissariat for Posts and Telegraph
  • deliberately made low range for limited reception
  • threats of arrests (rarely carried out though) to deter tuning into foreign broadcasts
34
Q

When did TVs prominence within propaganda increase?

A

1950 onwards as propaganda

35
Q

Growth of access to TV

A

10,000 TV sets in 1950 —> 3 million by 1958

36
Q

When was mass production of TVs?

A

1960s

37
Q

Example of TV entertainment the Soviets would weave propaganda through:

A
  • news
  • documentaries
  • cultural programmes (promoting soviet ballet and art)
  • children’s TV
  • feature films
38
Q

Compare how life in Soviet Union was shown VS life under Capitalism

A

Life in SovUn = joyous
Under Capitalism = rife with crime, homelessness and violence

39
Q

When were the entertainment channels introduced?

A

1985 = 2 channels

40
Q

What did all mass media have in common?

A

Heavy censorship and restriction, even when the govt had to adapt to changing technologies.

41
Q

Example of soviet people seeing through propaganda:

A

‘A politburo member has heart issues’ - fall from favour
Or
Rising stars within the party get more recognitions, appearances and attention

42
Q

How did use of media propaganda change?

A
  • more distractions of declining lifestyles and realities of socialism
  • propaganda changes as technologies and interests change
43
Q

Example of Lenin’s propaganda campaigns:

A
  • against church
  • ‘Peace Bread Land’
  • empowering women
  • posters featuring the achievements of the revolution to show the strength of the Bolsheviks
  • ROSTA (all Russian telegraph agency) produce short films about the revolution
  • Kronstadt sailors featured in media
  • Klutis photomontages to advertise the electrification plan
  • abstract art by Lissitsky - beat the whites with the red wedge
  • disapproved with propaganda with his image, after 1818 this rose though, especially after assassination attempt
44
Q

Examples of Stalins propaganda campaigns:

A
  • 1941 German invasion broadcast
  • posters and art (Socialist Realism) focused on idealised images, happy peasants, milder factories and farms
  • featured Stalin as the benefactor of human happiness so payed into the cult heavily
45
Q

Propaganda under Khrushchev

A
  • advertised achievements of the Space Race and Virgin land scheme
  • eg: a T-set with Lychas face on it :)
  • loosens censorship - minor cultural ‘thaw’
  • only where it suits Khruschev though - compare Solzhenitsyn and Pasternak
  • however cartoons were allowed - even satire (Krokodil - men arriving at parades drunk and late or absent completely)
46
Q

Stalin editing history:

A
  • edited Lenin’s works to remove Stalin criticisms
  • edited his own work - removed links with purged officials
  • works of purged officials removed

Russia A-LEVEL History! Lenin to Yeltsin 1917-91 (19 decks)

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