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Russia A-LEVEL History! Lenin to Yeltsin 1917-91 > Changing Status Of Women > Flashcards

Changing Status Of Women Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was head of Zhenotdel

A

Alexandra Kollontai

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2
Q

What was the women’s department of the communist party?

A

Zhenotdel

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3
Q

What did Alexandra kollontai believe about men and women?

A
  • they had innate differences
  • different roles
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4
Q

What did Zhenotdel do during the civil war?

A
  • recruited women to work in crèches and orphanages
  • fulfil natural mothering role
  • some worked in factories to combat labour shortages
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5
Q

Did status of women improve or decline in civil war?

A
  • decline
  • lost employment opportunities
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6
Q

Decline in female employment in NEP

A
  • crèches closed
  • those in industry sacked to fill up jobs for returning men
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7
Q

What did the decline in employment mean for many women

A
  • increase in prostitution
  • limited benefits from govt - need to provide for family
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8
Q

Percentage of men who used prostitutes in 1920s

A

39%

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9
Q

Did number of women in industrial labour increase or decrease under Stalin?

A

Increase

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10
Q

Why did female employment in industrial labour go up under Stalin?

A
  • 5 year plans
  • demands due to huge targets
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11
Q

1940 number of women in industrial workforce?

A

10 million - over 300% increase

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12
Q

In WWII what percentage of women made up URBAN labour force?

A

75%

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13
Q

Downsides of female employment under 5YPs?

A
  • paid 65% of men’s wages
  • verbal and physical abuse in factories
  • rarely promoted
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14
Q

Percentage of women in industrial jobs in 1960s?

A

45%

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15
Q

What were women mainly restricted to doing in INDUSTRY in the 1960s?

A
  • light industry - production lines
  • heavy manual labour
  • low skilled jobs
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16
Q

What type of female employment was on the rise in the 1960s? Percentage?

A
  • clerical jobs and admin
  • 74% of these jobs given to women
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17
Q

1970s

A

Women finally dominated certain professions!

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18
Q

What professions did women dominate in the 1970s?

A
  • 70% of doctors
  • 75% of university employees
  • 65% of those in arts and culture

(By 1985)

However pay still not on par with men

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19
Q

Proportion of women working in agriculture 20s, 30s, 40s?

A

High

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20
Q

What is the ‘triple shift’?

A
  • agricultural labour
  • household chores
  • handicrafts to supplement income
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21
Q

Kruschevs view on women working in agriculture:

A
  • wanted more women in agriculture
  • especially for VLS
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22
Q

What roles did Khrushchev want women to play in VLS?

A
  • milkmaids
  • gardeners
  • family makers
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23
Q

Jobs not given to women under VLS:

A
  • operating heavy machinery
  • tractor drivers

Low pay and MOST DEMANDING jobs

Emphasis mainly on caring abilities and low-skill manual labour

24
Q

Women farmers up until the 1980s

A
  • low status, low paid
  • 1970 - 72% of lowest paid soviet farmers women!
25
Q

What was common throughout professional opportunities given to women?

A
  • most had features of caring, nurturing, family making
  • general prejudice
    Eg: 1980 - 80% of rural teachers, only 2% of farm managers
26
Q

What was Lenin’s view on marriage

A
  • it was a bourgeoise institution
  • slavery to me
27
Q

Overview of women’s changes

A
  • radical communists initially wanted to liberate women, conservatives didn’t really care
  • war and industrialisation meant status of women wasn’t a priority
  • policies were put in place to improve status
  • attitudes resistant to change
  • by 1935, return to traditional attitudes surrounding women
28
Q

Old Russian proverb on women:

A

‘ the more you beat your wife the better the soup will taste’
- shows engrained sexism of traditional views

29
Q

What did bolsheviks do ‘on seizing power’?

A
  • created women’s branch of central committee ~Zhenotdel
  • rushed series of status improving decrees
30
Q

Ideologically what was the party’s view on women?

A

Equality of the sexes

31
Q

Initial Bolshevik decrees to improve the status of women:

A
  • divorce easier
  • abortion legalised
  • women didn’t need husbands permission to stify or have a job
32
Q

Women’s congres of 1918

A
  • Lenin suggest ‘baba’ be banned
33
Q

What did the soviet constitution declare?

A

Men and women are equal

34
Q

December 1917

A
  • equal pay put into law
  • maternity leave granted
35
Q

What were the consequences of these initial decrees?

A
  • rise in divorces, but no institution to support newly single mothers
  • 70% of divorces initiated by men - pregnant women
  • equal rights to pay and employment slow to have impact
  • attitudes of men slow to change
36
Q

Why was there an increase of working women during the civil war?

A
  • lack of male workers - conscripted into red army
  • not from ideology/equality
  • women joining red army!
37
Q

Hw many women joined the red army in 1918

A

70,000

Few held high rank though

38
Q

Who was Alexandra kollonrai

A
  • leading Bolshevik- member of CC
  • first women to become member of European government
  • feminist
  • head of Zhenotdel
  • influence waned after 1921 - Stalin disliked her ideas and many of her measures were reversed in 1930s
39
Q

What was life like before the Communists for women in Central Asia?

A
  • polygamous, male dominated family views
  • shielded from public view and denied education
40
Q

How did the bolsheviks try to break down traditional attitudes in Central Asia?

A
  • young female activists
  • explained contraception, hygiene, childcare
  • 1927 campaign against veiling
41
Q

Opportunities increasing for women in Central Asia:

A
  • female brigade leaders
  • tractor drivers
  • celebrated in films and in posters
42
Q

Traditional Islamic views prevailing:

A
  • slow to change
  • resistance is violent
  • Baku Zehnotdel meeting attacked by Muslim men - dogs and water
  • women refusing to dress traditionally sometimes killed in honour killings
  • after 1930s = change in approach - softer and more gradual
43
Q

What happened in 1930

A

Closed down Zhenotdel!
- claimed women’s issues solved
- male dominated party attitudes prevailed

44
Q

How did forced collectivisation in the countryside?

A
  • many men left women in search of better jobs - abandoning them
  • low wage, hard work on farms, agriculture associated with low status
  • exacerbated in the war, men being conscripted
45
Q

State of towns and farms after the war:

A
  • imbalance of the sexes even more pronounced after the war
  • returning soldiers moved to cities instead of farms
  • = shortage of males
  • even in 1950s entire villages of women and children
  • women shackled themselves to plough the feilds - animals requisitioned too
46
Q

Slow improvement in the countryside under Khrushchev and Brezhnev

A
  • healthcare and maternity benefits extended to countryside
  • internal passports extended to countryside 1974
  • women could move to towns for greater status and pay
  • though men would after take these jobs
47
Q

Which industrial industry did women dominate?

A

Light industry - textile
- 13 million female workers (in general) by 1940

48
Q

Women in the construction industry in the 5YPs

A
  • construction industry
  • lumber and engineering
  • Moscow underground built by brigades of female workers
49
Q

Praskovia Angelina

A
  • female tractor driver
  • made into role model
  • encourage female workforce
50
Q

Expansion to higher education

A
  • 1929 - 20% of higher education reserved for women (40%) already occupied by women
  • 1940 - 40% of engineering students female
  • higher education improved status and provided upwards societal mobility
  • though women in management in 1930s low
51
Q

Women joining red army in WWII

A
  • 1941 initial volunteers turned away
  • changed mind due to loss of battlefields
  • 800000 served
  • 89 received the Hero of the Soviet Union
  • reverted to unskilled roles after the war
52
Q

1950s expectations:

A
  • women must work
  • could wok in wide range of occupations
  • still expected to do domestic role
53
Q

Women in politics

A
  • 1917 - women given vote
  • underrepresented at all levels of government
  • 1932 = 16% of party membership
  • first women in praesidium Ekaterina Furtseva 1957 - dismissed after Khrushchev fell
  • not another women in politburo till 1988
54
Q

Natalia Bessmertnova

A

Role Model
- famous ballerina
- Bolshoi Ballet company

55
Q

Ludmilla Savelyva

A

Role model
- fab=mous actress
- war and peace 1967

56
Q

Irina Rodina

A

Role model
- developments put in place to improve women’s support
- won 10 successive world championships in figure skating
- 3 successive Olympic titles

57
Q

Venetian Tereshkova

A

Role Model
- first woman in space
- impeccable proletarian background
- prominent party member
- very high status

Russia A-LEVEL History! Lenin to Yeltsin 1917-91 (19 decks)

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