Contextualism and Invariantism Flashcards
What is fallibilism?
The idea that someone can know that p, even if, given their grounds of their justification, p might be false.
What is the lottery paradox?
Given a sufficiently high number of lottery tickets, the probability of any one losing is so high that one could “know” that it will lose. This seems like a contradiction as we seem to think that at least one will win. Furthermore, if we apply this to every lottery ticket, we are left with the conclusion that no tickets will win which is clearly a contradiction.
What is closure under know implication.
The principle that says:
If you know that p,
And you know that p entails q,
Then you know that q
What is the abominable conjunction?
The claim that one can:
Know that p
Know that p entails q
Not know that q
What is Contextualism?
The view that the standards for knowledge vary between contexts.
What is a relevant alternative?
An alternative to some proposition p is another proposition q that is incompatible with p. It is relevant externally, because in your environment it is a probable way that you could end up with a false belief.
What is invariantism?
The view that the standards for knowledge do not change between contexts.
What is interest-relative invariantism?
The idea that whether you know something depends on the consequences of being wrong. When the stakes are high, we need to investigate possibilities more thoroughly, and we claim to know fewer things.
What is Dual process theory?
The idea that there are two types of processing in the human brain:
Type (system) 1: automatic, fast, opaque to consciousness
Type (system) 2: conscious, slow, deliberative, articulable.
Most of the time we use type 1 processing, and type 2 activates given specific triggers.
What is adaptive invariantism?
The idea that we generally make knowledge claims using type 1 processing. We roughly look at whether our situation matches typical instances of knowledge. Type 2 is more skeptical and less likely to claim knowledge.
