Contents of the abdomen

Question 1

What are the 4 subdivisions of the abdomen?

Answer 1

Question 2

What are the 9 subdivisions of the abdomen?

Answer 2

Question 3

What structures are located within the right upper quadrant?

Answer 3

RIGHT UPPER

Right lobe of liver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Head of Pancreas

Hepatic flexure of colon

Part of ascending and transverse colon

Question 4

What structures are located within the right lower quadrant?

Answer 4

Cecum

Appendix

Ascending colon

Small intestine

Question 5

What structures are located within the left lower quadrant?

Answer 5

Small intestine

Descending colon

Sigmoid Colon

Question 6

What structures are located within the left upper quadrant?

Answer 6

Stomach

Spleen

Left lobe of liver

Body of pancreas

Splenic flexure of colon

Part of transverse and descending colon

Question 7

What processes occur in the digestive system?

Answer 7

• Ingestion (‘taking in’)
• Secretion of digestive fluids
• Mixing and propulsion
• Digestion (‘breaking down’)
• Absorption
• Defecation

Question 8

Complete the histological diagram of intestine

Answer 8

Question 9

What are the serous histological components?

Answer 9

the outer membrane; encloses several body cavities; secrete a lubricating fluid; outer epithelial layer (secretory) and inner layer (connective tissue with vessels)

Question 10

What are the muscular histological components?

Answer 10

longitudinal or circular; responsible for movement of lumen contents

Question 11

What are the muscosal histological components?

Answer 11

inner layer; lines internal organs or cavities exposed to external environment; secrete mucus; also involved in absorption

Question 12

What parts of the digestive tract are above and below the diaphragm?

Answer 12

• Oral cavity
• Pharynx
• Oesophagus

DIAPHRAGM

• Stomach
• Small intestine

(duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

•Large intestine (colon)

Question 13

Complete the diagram

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the components and roles of the oral cavity?

Answer 14

• Teeth - Accessory organs; assist mechanical digestion
• Palate - Roof of mouth; soft palate blocks nasal cavity during swallowing
• Tongue - Accessory organ; taste; assist mixing; swallowing
• Salivary glands - Secretion of saliva (dissolve foods)

Question 15

What is the role of the pharynx?

Answer 15

Directs food to oesophagus; blocks entry to trachea

Question 16

Where is the oesophagus located?

Answer 16

• Posterior to trachea
• Upper edge - pharynx
• ‘Pierces’ diaphragm
• Opens to stomach

Question 17

What is the oesophagus?

Answer 17

•Muscular tube ~ 25cm long

Question 18

What is the most dilated part of alimentary canal?

Answer 18

Stomach

Question 19

Where is the stomach positioned?

Answer 19

• J-shaped; lies under the diaphragm and under the heart

Question 20

How many curvatures does the stomach have?

Answer 20

2

• Lesser curvature (superior border)
• Greater curvature (inferior border)

Question 21

How many openings does the stomach have?

Answer 21

2

• Cardial orifice – link to oesophagus
• Pyloric orifice – link to small intestine

Question 22

What types of digestion occur in the stomach?

Answer 22

• Mechanical (muscle) and chemical (gastric juices) digestion

Question 24

What are the sphincters in the stomach?

Answer 24

• Pyloric and cardial sphincters

Question 25

How many layers of muscle is there?

Answer 25

•3 – layered muscles: longitudinal, circular, oblique

Question 26

What is the structure of the small intestine?

Answer 26

* Convoluted tube * Pylorus of stomach to ileocaecal junction * 5 metres in length

Question 27

What are the divisions of the small intestine?

Answer 27

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Question 28

What is the function of the small intestine?

Answer 28

• Where digestion and absorption take place

Question 29

What is the structure of the duodenum?

Answer 29

* Duodenum – ‘12 fingers’, i.e. about 20-25 cm long * Ends at the duodenal – jejunal flexure

Question 30

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

Answer 30

•C shaped – 4 parts: superior, descending, horizontal, ascending

Question 31

What is the role of the duodenum?

Answer 31

• Where the duct from the pancreas + gall bladder open (bile and pancreatic juices)

Question 32

What is the structure of the jejunum / ilium?

Answer 32

* At least 3 m long, from duodenal - jejunal flexure to ileocaecal junction * Motility: one attached and one free edges

Question 33

What is the role of the jejunum / ileum?

Answer 33

• Site of absorption: large surface area, further increased by circular folds + villi + microvilli; motility

Question 34

What is the structure of the large intestine?

Answer 34

* Terminal division of the GI tract – from end ileum to anus * 1.5 m length; greater cross section compared to small

Question 35

What is the role of the large intestine?

Answer 35

• Absorption of water, from faeces and expelling these

Question 36

What are the sections of the large intestine?

Answer 36

•4 parts (from right to left): ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Question 37

Complete the table

Answer 37

Question 38

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric?

Answer 38

* Jejunal and ileal branches * Middle colic * Right colic * Ileocaecal

Question 39

Complete the diagram of the blood vessels

Answer 39

Question 40

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric?

Answer 40

* Left colic * Sigmoid * Superior rectal

Question 41

Complete the diagram of the blood vessels

Answer 41

Question 42

Label the lymphatics

Answer 42

Question 43

Where does the sympathetic innervation of the abdomen originate from?

Answer 43

- Splanchnic nerves - Symp trunk and ganglia

Question 44

Where does the parasympathetic innervation of the abdomen originate from?

Answer 44

Vagus nerve (CNX) Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)

Question 45

What are the 4 gut associated glands?

Answer 45

* Liver * Spleen * Gall bladder * Pancreas