Content Review Missed Questions

Question 1

Which of the following hormones is a hunger stimulant?

Answer 1

Ghrelin: increases appetite

insulin + leptin: satiety

Question 2

What is the primary difference between a peptide hormone and a steroid hormone?

Answer 2

peptide is lipophobic and hydrophilic, steroid is lipophilic and hydrophobic

Question 3

What does neuropeptide Y do?

Answer 3

inhibits the feeding circuit, blocking satiety –> can’t tell when you’re full

inhibits CCK, which limits meal size by sensing distension of duodenum

Question 4

Which hormone associated with the regulation of salt and water retention could be causing bloating and water retension during menstrual cycle?

Answer 4

estrogen

Question 5

What is short-term maturation effect?

Answer 5

natural changes that occur within a participant over a brief period of time during a study, which can impact behavior and outcome measurements
- Change in strength in the morning because of naturally peaking testosterone levels

Question 6

What is released after an orgasm?

Answer 6

prolactin (relief), endorphins (euphoria), oxytocin (bond)

SSRIs increase serotonin levels in the brain –> inability to orgasm

Question 7

List the important chromosome diseases.

Answer 7

Trisomy X: XXX
Turner Syndrome: XO
Klinefelter Syndrome: XXY

Question 8

At what stage of development does axon myelination begin?

Answer 8

second trimester

first trimester = neurons + synapses begin to develop

Question 9

What is a prospective cohort design?

Answer 9

follows a group of individuals over a period of time

Question 10

Which endocrine gland triggers growth spurt during adolescence?

Answer 10

pituitary

thyroid = growth/development of the brain
adrenal = development of muscles and bones

Question 11

What is Weber’s Law?

Answer 11

smallest noticeable difference between two stimuli is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus
- has to be above the % of the total change from the smallest noticeable difference

Question 12

What is the difference between signal and feature detection?

Answer 12

• Signal detection identifies whether a signal is present amidst noise, focusing on its existence (e.g., detecting a heartbeat in an ECG).
• Feature detection extracts specific characteristics or patterns from the signal, focusing on its details (e.g., identifying PQRST complexes in an ECG).

Signal detection determines presence, while feature detection analyzes attributes.

Question 13

What are chemicals that change behavior after binding to chemoreceptors?

Answer 13

pheromones

Question 14

What is the kinesthetic sense? Proprioception? What is the difference between proprioception and vestibular sense?

Answer 14

Proprioception: Refers to the awareness of body position, movement, and force through sensory feedback from muscles, tendons, and joints.
- critical for balance, posture, motor control, and spatial awareness in everyday tasks

Vestibular sense: Relates to balance and spatial orientation, detecting head movements and gravity via the inner ear
- stabilize vision during motion.

Key Difference: Proprioception focuses on body awareness and movement, while the vestibular sense focuses on balance and spatial orientation.

Question 15

What is the difference between top-down processing and bottom-up processing?

Answer 15

top-down (conceptually-drive) = recognition of object by memories and expectations, little attention to detail, faster

bottom-up (data-driven) = recognition of object by parallel processing and feature detection, slower

Question 16

What are the Gestalt Principles?

Answer 16

the ways the brain infers missing parts of a picture
1. law of proximity: elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
2. law of similarity: objects similar appear to be grouped together
3. law of good continuation: elements that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together
4. subjective contours: perception of nonexistent edges
5. law of closure: space is enclosed by a group of lines, space is perceived as complete line
** law of pragnanz: perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible

Question 17

What is adaptation?

Answer 17

decrease response in stimulus over time

Question 18

Important parts of the eye.

Answer 18

cornea: gathers and filters light
iris: contains dilator and constrictor pupillae
lens: refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina
retina: rods + cones (SML)

Question 19

What is parallel processing?

Answer 19

ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, form, motion and depth
- parvocellular= form
- magnocellular = motion

Question 20

Important parts of the ear

Answer 20

outer: pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

middle: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes rests on oval window of the cochlea

inner: membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph and consists of the cochlea, which detects sound; utricle and saccule detect linear acceleration; semicircular canals detect rotational acceleration = vestibular sense

Question 21

What is taste?

Answer 21

detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae
- sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami