Constituents of blood 2

Question 1

Why is blood a fluid inside vessel?

Answer 1

Platelets and proteins of coagulation cascade circulate in inactive state
Endothelial cells ensure fluidity

Question 2

Define thrombosis?

Answer 2

Clotting inside vessel

Question 3

Explain structure platelets and where originate?

Answer 3

Circulate inactive form
Anucleate
Originate megakaryocyte

Question 4

How are platelets formed?

Answer 4

Originate megakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte enter endomitosis- chromo duplicate, cells don’t
More chromo normal- polyploidy
Membrane blebbing process
Platelet break from megakaryocytes
1 megakaryocytes can produce 4,000 platelets

Question 5

What is process called when platelets break off?

Answer 5

Membrane blebbing
Platelets break from megakaryocytes

Question 5

What is process called when platelets break off?

Answer 5

Membrane blebbing
Platelets break from megakaryocytes

Question 6

What proportion of blood does plasma form?

Answer 6

55%

Question 7

What does plasma contain? Function?

Answer 7

Transportation medium
Contain: water, salt, glucose, proteins

Question 8

What proteins does plasma contain?

Answer 8

Albumin, carrier proteins, coagulation proteins, immunoglobulins

Question 9

Define serum?

Answer 9

Blood plasma without any clotting factors

Question 10

Function of albumin and where is it made?
How does help

Answer 10

Produced liver
Determine oncotic pressure blood
Keep in intravascular fluid

Question 11

What does lack of albumin cause?

Answer 11

Oedema

Question 12

What produces immunoglobulins? Function?

Answer 12

Activated B lymphocytes
Role immunity and vaccination

Question 13

What aim of coagulation?

Answer 13

Convert fibrinogen to fibrin
Form stable fibrin clot

Question 14

How is extrinsic pathway initiated?

Answer 14

Damage to endothelia lining vessels
Release tissue factor
Activates factor VII
TF VIIa has effect factor X
Factor X initiates common cascade

Question 15

How is intrinsic pathway initiated?

Answer 15

Blood contacts endothelial collagen outside lumen
Activates factor XII- XIIa
Activate XI- XIa
Activate IX- IXa
IXa activates factor X

Question 16

Draw intrinsic pathway?

Answer 16

Question 17

Draw extrinsic pathway?

Answer 17

Question 18

What is the common pathway?

Answer 18

X to Xa
Xa converts prothrombin (FII) into thrombin (IIa)
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin activates factor XIII
Fibrin and factor XIIIa leads cross link fibrin and clot

Question 19

Function thrombin?

Answer 19

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin activates factor XIII
Positive feedback on factors V, VII, VIII and XI

Prevents over-coagulation- activating plasmin (fibrinolytic)

Question 20

What is fibrinolytic?

Answer 20

Plasmin

Question 21

Draw 3 pathways of coagulation

Answer 21

Question 22

Draw pathways of coagulation

Answer 22