Constituents of blood

Question 1

Define haemocrit (PVC)?

Answer 1

Ratio of volume of RBC to total volume (45%)

Question 2

What is another name for RBC?

Answer 2

Erythrocytes

Question 3

Define haemopoiesis?

Answer 3

Formation new blood cells and platelets

Question 4

Define anaemia?

Answer 4

Reduced hb or RBC
Often caused iron deficiency

Question 5

Define haemostasis?

Answer 5

Arrest bleeding
Involve coagulation and contraction damaged bv

Question 6

Define haemophilia?

Answer 6

Inability make blood clots due to:
Factor VIII def (Haemophilia A)
Factor IX def (Haemophilia B)

Question 7

What is more common haemophilia A or B?

Answer 7

A

Question 8

What is the split between cellular and fluid components of blood?

Answer 8

Cellular component- 45%
Fluid component- 55%

Question 9

What is the life span of erythrocytes?

Answer 9

120 days

Question 10

Describe structure of erythrocytes?

Answer 10

Simple cells
Anucleate
No mitochondria
Biconcave disc- 7.5μm diameter

Question 11

What do erythrocytes contain?

Answer 11

Hb, glycolytic enzymes

Question 12

How are RBCs removed?

Answer 12

Spleen, liver, bone marrow
(Reticuloendothelial system)
Blood loss

Question 13

Function of haemoglobin?

Answer 13

Carry oxygen from lungs to tissue

Question 14

Structure of haemoglobin?

Answer 14

Tetrameric protein- 4 globin chains
Each chain has haem group (porphyrin with a central ferrous iron ion – Fe2+)
Several haemoglobin phenotypes exist:
Haemoglobin A: 2 α chains and 2 β chains (97% of adult population)
Foetal haemoglobin (HbF): 2α, 2𝛄
HbA2: 2α, 2𝛅
Mutations or absence of α or β chains in adults referred to as thalassemia, potentially causing anaemia

Question 15

Function of haem group in haemoglobin?

Answer 15

Capable of reversibly binding oxygen

Question 16

What types of haemoglobin exist? Structure?

Answer 16

Haemoglobin A- 2 α chains and 2 β chains
HbA2- 2α, 2𝛅
Foetal haemoglobin (HbF)- 2α, 2𝛄

Question 17

What is more common haemoglobin A or B?

Answer 17

A- 97%

Question 18

What is mutation or absence of a or β chains called?

Answer 18

Thalassemia- can cause anaemia

Question 19

What is anaemia values?

Answer 19

Deficiency of Hb
Male <130g/L, Female <110g/L

Question 20

Symptoms and causes anaemia?

Answer 20

Symp- pallor, tachycardia, hyperventilation on
exertion, malaise and angina
Causes- acute blood loss (haemorrhage)
- production mismatches:
hypoplastic (not enough)
dyshaemotpoeitic (ineffective
production)
- haemolytic anaemia ( inc removal)
- deficiencies of iron, folate, vit B12
(pernicious)

Question 21

In adults where is site of maturation of cells?

Answer 21

Bone marrow of axial skeleton (not limbs)

Question 22

In children where is site maturation of cells?

Answer 22

All bones

Question 23

In embryos where is site maturation of cells?

Answer 23

Yolk sac, liver, spleen, bm

Question 24

Why are stem cells important?

Answer 24

Pluripotent- differentiate any cell

Question 25

What is process of production RBCs called?

Answer 25

Erythropoiesis

Question 26

What stimulates production of RBC's? Where made?

Answer 26

Erythropoietin (EPO) Made kidneys

Question 27

What is production of WBCs called?

Answer 27

Myelopoiesis

Question 28

What stimulates production of WBC's?

Answer 28

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) Only stim prod. myeloblastic not lymphoid

Question 29

What is formation of platelets called?

Answer 29

Thrombopoiesis

Question 30

What stimulates production of platelets?

Answer 30

Thrombopoietin (TPO) Lead increased prod. megakaryocytes Platelets bud off

Question 31

What forms platelets?

Answer 31

Megakaryocytes

Question 32

What are two main groups of leukocytes? Function?

Answer 32

Lymphocytes- adaptive immune response Granulocytes- innate immune response

Question 33

What are 4 diff types of granulocytes?

Answer 33

Neutrophil Monocytes Basophils Eosinphils

Question 34

What is neutrophil and function?

Answer 34

Most common Phagocytic Release chemo/cytokines to reduce inflamm

Question 35

What is most common WBC?

Answer 35

Neutrophil

Question 36

What is monocyte and function?

Answer 36

Mature into macrophage or dendritic cells Antigen presenting

Question 37

What is basophil and function?

Answer 37

Mature into mast cells Express surface IgE/release histamine Allergies and immunity

Question 38

What is eosinophil and function?

Answer 38

Fight parasitic infections Regulatory functions

Question 39

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 39

Comprise B and T

Question 40

What is origin and site maturation T/B lymphocytes?

Answer 40

T- Bone marrow to thymus gland B- Bone marrow

Question 41

T/B proportion lymphocytes in blood?

Answer 41

T- 80% B- 20%

Question 42

Function of T lymphocyte?

Answer 42

CD8+ - cytotoxic CD4+ - helper cells (1,2,17), regulatory functions through release of interleukins & interferons

Question 43

Function of B lymphocyte?

Answer 43

Generation of antibodies (M, A, G, E, D) DETAILS IN RESP

Question 44

Maturation diagram

Answer 44

Question 45

What does stem cell differentiate into?

Answer 45

Common myeloid progenitor Common lymphoid progenitor

Question 46

What is the precursor cell to lymphocytes?

Answer 46

Common lymphoid progenitor

Question 47

What does common myeloid progenitor differentiate into?

Answer 47

Magakaryocyte, erythrocyte, mast cell, myeloblast

Question 48

What is the precursor to erythrocytes?

Answer 48

Common myeloid progenitor

Question 49

What do B lympocytes form?

Answer 49

Plasma cells

Question 50

What do myeloblast form?

Answer 50

Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte

Question 51

Draw maturation diagram

Answer 51