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Phase 1 powerpoint Cardio > Constituents of blood > Flashcards

Constituents of blood Flashcards

1
Q

Define haemocrit (PVC)?

A

Ratio of volume of RBC to total volume (45%)

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2
Q

What is another name for RBC?

A

Erythrocytes

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3
Q

Define haemopoiesis?

A

Formation new blood cells and platelets

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4
Q

Define anaemia?

A

Reduced hb or RBC
Often caused iron deficiency

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5
Q

Define haemostasis?

A

Arrest bleeding
Involve coagulation and contraction damaged bv

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6
Q

Define haemophilia?

A

Inability make blood clots due to:
Factor VIII def (Haemophilia A)
Factor IX def (Haemophilia B)

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7
Q

What is more common haemophilia A or B?

A

A

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8
Q

What is the split between cellular and fluid components of blood?

A

Cellular component- 45%
Fluid component- 55%

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9
Q

What is the life span of erythrocytes?

A

120 days

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10
Q

Describe structure of erythrocytes?

A

Simple cells
Anucleate
No mitochondria
Biconcave disc- 7.5μm diameter

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11
Q

What do erythrocytes contain?

A

Hb, glycolytic enzymes

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12
Q

How are RBCs removed?

A

Spleen, liver, bone marrow
(Reticuloendothelial system)
Blood loss

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13
Q

Function of haemoglobin?

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to tissue

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14
Q

Structure of haemoglobin?

A

Tetrameric protein- 4 globin chains
Each chain has haem group (porphyrin with a central ferrous iron ion – Fe2+)
Several haemoglobin phenotypes exist:
Haemoglobin A: 2 α chains and 2 β chains (97% of adult population)
Foetal haemoglobin (HbF): 2α, 2𝛄
HbA2: 2α, 2𝛅
Mutations or absence of α or β chains in adults referred to as thalassemia, potentially causing anaemia

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15
Q

Function of haem group in haemoglobin?

A

Capable of reversibly binding oxygen

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16
Q

What types of haemoglobin exist? Structure?

A

Haemoglobin A- 2 α chains and 2 β chains
HbA2- 2α, 2𝛅
Foetal haemoglobin (HbF)- 2α, 2𝛄

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17
Q

What is more common haemoglobin A or B?

A

A- 97%

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18
Q

What is mutation or absence of a or β chains called?

A

Thalassemia- can cause anaemia

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19
Q

What is anaemia values?

A

Deficiency of Hb
Male <130g/L, Female <110g/L

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20
Q

Symptoms and causes anaemia?

A

Symp- pallor, tachycardia, hyperventilation on
exertion, malaise and angina
Causes- acute blood loss (haemorrhage)
- production mismatches:
hypoplastic (not enough)
dyshaemotpoeitic (ineffective
production)
- haemolytic anaemia ( inc removal)
- deficiencies of iron, folate, vit B12
(pernicious)

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21
Q

In adults where is site of maturation of cells?

A

Bone marrow of axial skeleton (not limbs)

22
Q

In children where is site maturation of cells?

A

All bones

23
Q

In embryos where is site maturation of cells?

A

Yolk sac, liver, spleen, bm

24
Q

Why are stem cells important?

A

Pluripotent- differentiate any cell

25
Q

What is process of production RBCs called?

A

Erythropoiesis

26
Q

What stimulates production of RBC’s?
Where made?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)
Made kidneys

27
Q

What is production of WBCs called?

A

Myelopoiesis

28
Q

What stimulates production of WBC’s?

A

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Only stim prod. myeloblastic not lymphoid

29
Q

What is formation of platelets called?

A

Thrombopoiesis

30
Q

What stimulates production of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Lead increased prod. megakaryocytes
Platelets bud off

31
Q

What forms platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

32
Q

What are two main groups of leukocytes?
Function?

A

Lymphocytes- adaptive immune response
Granulocytes- innate immune response

33
Q

What are 4 diff types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil
Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinphils

34
Q

What is neutrophil and function?

A

Most common
Phagocytic
Release chemo/cytokines to reduce inflamm

35
Q

What is most common WBC?

A

Neutrophil

36
Q

What is monocyte and function?

A

Mature into macrophage or dendritic cells
Antigen presenting

37
Q

What is basophil and function?

A

Mature into mast cells
Express surface IgE/release histamine
Allergies and immunity

38
Q

What is eosinophil and function?

A

Fight parasitic infections
Regulatory functions

39
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Comprise B and T

40
Q

What is origin and site maturation T/B lymphocytes?

A

T- Bone marrow to thymus gland
B- Bone marrow

41
Q

T/B proportion lymphocytes in blood?

A

T- 80%
B- 20%

42
Q

Function of T lymphocyte?

A

CD8+ - cytotoxic
CD4+ - helper cells (1,2,17), regulatory functions through release of interleukins & interferons

43
Q

Function of B lymphocyte?

A

Generation of antibodies (M, A, G, E, D)
DETAILS IN RESP

44
Q

Maturation diagram

A
45
Q

What does stem cell differentiate into?

A

Common myeloid progenitor
Common lymphoid progenitor

46
Q

What is the precursor cell to lymphocytes?

A

Common lymphoid progenitor

47
Q

What does common myeloid progenitor differentiate into?

A

Magakaryocyte, erythrocyte, mast cell, myeloblast

48
Q

What is the precursor to erythrocytes?

A

Common myeloid progenitor

49
Q

What do B lympocytes form?

A

Plasma cells

50
Q

What do myeloblast form?

A

Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte

51
Q

Draw maturation diagram

A

Phase 1 powerpoint Cardio (19 decks)

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