Consolidation Flashcards
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plant cell
contain
- cell membrane
- cell wall
- ribosomes
- vacuole
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
Animal cell
contains
- cell wall
- ribosomes
- mitochondria
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
what does a plant cell contain that an animal cell doesn’t?
doesn’t share
- cell wall
- vacuole
- chloroplast
Bacterial cell
contains
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- chromosomes
- flagella
- ribosomes
- cell wall
magnification
image height/ object height
DNA
atcg
- in double helix
- the double helix is to long so is formed into a chromosomes
mitosis
one parent to identical cells
- dna in the nucleus condenses
- lines up in the middle
- pulled up and new nuclei are formed used separated into sperate cell
stem cell
has the ability to become any different types of cell
benefits
- can grow brain cells
- new organs can grow rather than waiting
method to make a new nuclei
- take nuclei from an egg
- nuclei from a patient into an empty egg
- the egg starts to develop as an embryo
- stem cells are then removed
- stem cells are turned into new cells
objection to stem cells
destructing one’s life
diffusion
high to low concentration
move from an area inside the cell or move out of a cell
example in the lungs (alveoli)
osmosis
movement in water
partially membrane
high to low concentration
active transport
from the membrane high to low concentration uses energy examples of where it can happen - glucose in the guts
tissue
one type of cell and one function
organ
made up from diff type of cell and carries a joint function
organ system
group of organs that works together to carry a function
digestive system
mouth- the breakdown of food salivary glands- produce amylase liver- produces bile gall bladder- stores bile small intestine- has a large surface area stomach - kills bacteria pancreas- produce enzymes large intestine- removes excess water rectum- gets rid of waste food
lipase
breaks down fat into fatty acids/glycerol
made in pancreas/ small intestine
works in small intestines
protease
breaks down proteins into amino acids
made in the stomach and pancreas and small intestines
works in the stomach and small intestines
amylase
Breaks it down into starch and made into starch
made in the salivary glands and pancreas
works in the mouth and small intestines
Temperatures in photosynthesis
if there is a low temperature, not enough energy
peak is optimum temperature after they denature
pH in photosynthesis
optimum temperature is still there
too high/low bonds active sights break down and denature
The heart
has double system
flows blood from the heart to lungs back to the heart to the rest of the body
vena cava blood enters right atrium down to valve into the right ventricle and up to lungs by the pulmonary artery comes back into the heart by the pulmonary vein into the left atrium, into the left ventricle and then its pumped to the rest of the body by the aorta
valves only allow blood to flow
right- blood to lungs
pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
veins deoxygenated blood
Arteries
thick walls- carry blood under high-pressure
thin lumen- a gap in the middle
Capillaries
small- only one cell thick to allow diffusion
Veins
veins carry deoxygenated blood and back to the heart so carry valve and thin walls and thick lumen as they carry blood under low pressure
blood
red blood cells have no nucleus so they have more space to carry oxygen (main function)
white blood cell is part of the immune system
platelets help the blood clots
Cardiovascular disease
contain fatty stuff building up between the artery and can lead to a blood clot
blood clot can block an artery and restrict the oxygen and cells are lost and cause a heart attack
Risk factors of cardiovascular disease
- smoking
- high blood pressure
- too much salt/fat in diet
Health
overall of physical and mental wellbeing affected by - diet - exercise - community (lonely) - genes
epidemiology study
wide population to look for and different risk factors
cancer
when cells divide uncontrollably and lead to lumps (first sign)
types of cancer
- benign tumours: slow and harmless such as a mole
- malignant tumours: fast aggressive
RISK FACTORS
- smoking (lung cancer)
- Diet (reduce the chance of ball cancer)
- time in the sun (skin cancer)
Leaf structure
palisade mesophyll- where photosynthesis takes place
epidermal tissue- the protective layer under the cell
Spongy mesophyll- where photosynthesis takes place
the cuticle is the waxy layer
Guard and stomata are where transpiration takes place
plant structure
Xylem- transports water and mineral in the plants
Phloem carries ions and food
factors the affects the transpiration
bright light leads to more transpiration
more light= more photosynthesis so more water is needed
high temperature= more transpiration as the rate of reaction is faster
higher wind= more transpiration because wind if going to be moving things and diffusion takes place
Pathogen
a microorganism that causes a disease
examples= virus bacteria fungi protists
spreads by AIR (cough) TOUCH (bacteria) BLOOD ( sexual fluid) or VECTORS (mosquitoes)
measles spread by liquid droplets in the air examples if one inhales someone’s sneeze common in children
HIV
the virus spread by unprotected sex, sharing needles, childbirth, infected blood
HIV attacks white blood cells
if white blood cells are attacked tell immune cells
TMV
is a virus from a plant using direct contact
able to see if their a reduces chlorophyll
Salmonella
bacteria and is caused by eating infected food
rare in the uk as they are vaccinated
causes diarrhoea and fever dehydration
gonnerriea
bacteria and is spread by sexual contact
implications are thick green smelly discharge and pain when urinating and bleeding
Rose black spot
caused by a fungus
implication of discolouration of leaf
immune system
consumer pathogens- white pathogens will engulf any dangers
produce any antitoxins
produces antibodies to recognise pathogens quickly
Antibiotics
kills bacteria
used everywhere and is running out
New drugs
used to test toxicity and the dose
Dose- how much is needed to be affected
Penicillin
discovered in 1928
clears up infections and bacterial growth
Aspirin
pain killer
Foxgloves
toxic from plants and is a heart drug
Aphids
they such all the water and nutrients
ants eat the aphids
photosynthesis
takes water and carbon dioxide into glucose and water
The endothermic reaction
takes in energy
needs chlorophyll water and carbon dioxide and light
Respiration
Glucose and oxygen is needed to make water and carbon dioxide
is an exothermic reaction and energy is given out
Anaerobic respiration
without oxygen
glucose= Energy and lactic acids
not a lot of energy is needed because glucose isnt fully broken down
lactic acid builds an oxygen debt
Anaerobic respiration in yeast
yeast + glucose into carbon and ethanol
Metabolism
The rate of chemical reactions that takes place in the body such as glucose into starch
cellulose are glycogen
fatty acids= lipids
amino acids are proteins
glucose + nitrate for amino acid
protein form urea and all involves energy
energy from respiration in the mitochondria
