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GCSE AQA- Biology > Consolidation > Flashcards

Consolidation Flashcards

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1
Q

plant cell

A

contain

  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • vacuole
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
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2
Q

Animal cell

A

contains

  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
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3
Q

what does a plant cell contain that an animal cell doesn’t?

A

doesn’t share

  • cell wall
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast
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4
Q

Bacterial cell

A

contains

  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • chromosomes
  • flagella
  • ribosomes
  • cell wall
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5
Q

magnification

A

image height/ object height

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6
Q

DNA

A

atcg

  • in double helix
  • the double helix is to long so is formed into a chromosomes
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7
Q

mitosis

A

one parent to identical cells

  • dna in the nucleus condenses
  • lines up in the middle
  • pulled up and new nuclei are formed used separated into sperate cell
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8
Q

stem cell

A

has the ability to become any different types of cell
benefits
- can grow brain cells
- new organs can grow rather than waiting

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9
Q

method to make a new nuclei

A
  • take nuclei from an egg
  • nuclei from a patient into an empty egg
  • the egg starts to develop as an embryo
  • stem cells are then removed
  • stem cells are turned into new cells
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10
Q

objection to stem cells

A

destructing one’s life

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11
Q

diffusion

A

high to low concentration
move from an area inside the cell or move out of a cell
example in the lungs (alveoli)

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12
Q

osmosis

A

movement in water
partially membrane
high to low concentration

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13
Q

active transport

A 
from the membrane 
high to low concentration 
uses energy 
examples of where it can happen 
- glucose in the guts
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14
Q

tissue

A

one type of cell and one function

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15
Q

organ

A

made up from diff type of cell and carries a joint function

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16
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that works together to carry a function

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17
Q

digestive system

A 
mouth- the breakdown of food 
salivary glands- produce amylase
liver- produces bile 
gall bladder- stores bile 
small intestine- has a large surface area 
stomach - kills bacteria 
pancreas- produce enzymes  
large intestine- removes excess water 
rectum- gets rid of waste food
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18
Q

lipase

A

breaks down fat into fatty acids/glycerol
made in pancreas/ small intestine
works in small intestines

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19
Q

protease

A

breaks down proteins into amino acids
made in the stomach and pancreas and small intestines
works in the stomach and small intestines

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20
Q

amylase

A

Breaks it down into starch and made into starch
made in the salivary glands and pancreas
works in the mouth and small intestines

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21
Q

Temperatures in photosynthesis

A

if there is a low temperature, not enough energy

peak is optimum temperature after they denature

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22
Q

pH in photosynthesis

A

optimum temperature is still there

too high/low bonds active sights break down and denature

23
Q

The heart

A

has double system
flows blood from the heart to lungs back to the heart to the rest of the body
vena cava blood enters right atrium down to valve into the right ventricle and up to lungs by the pulmonary artery comes back into the heart by the pulmonary vein into the left atrium, into the left ventricle and then its pumped to the rest of the body by the aorta
valves only allow blood to flow
right- blood to lungs
pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
veins deoxygenated blood

24
Q

Arteries

A

thick walls- carry blood under high-pressure

thin lumen- a gap in the middle

25
Q

Capillaries

A

small- only one cell thick to allow diffusion

26
Q

Veins

A

veins carry deoxygenated blood and back to the heart so carry valve and thin walls and thick lumen as they carry blood under low pressure

27
Q

blood

A

red blood cells have no nucleus so they have more space to carry oxygen (main function)
white blood cell is part of the immune system
platelets help the blood clots

28
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

contain fatty stuff building up between the artery and can lead to a blood clot
blood clot can block an artery and restrict the oxygen and cells are lost and cause a heart attack

29
Q

Risk factors of cardiovascular disease

A
  • smoking
  • high blood pressure
  • too much salt/fat in diet
30
Q

Health

A 
overall of physical and mental wellbeing 
affected by 
- diet 
- exercise 
- community (lonely) 
- genes
31
Q

epidemiology study

A

wide population to look for and different risk factors

32
Q

cancer

A

when cells divide uncontrollably and lead to lumps (first sign)
types of cancer
- benign tumours: slow and harmless such as a mole
- malignant tumours: fast aggressive
RISK FACTORS
- smoking (lung cancer)
- Diet (reduce the chance of ball cancer)
- time in the sun (skin cancer)

33
Q

Leaf structure

A

palisade mesophyll- where photosynthesis takes place
epidermal tissue- the protective layer under the cell
Spongy mesophyll- where photosynthesis takes place
the cuticle is the waxy layer
Guard and stomata are where transpiration takes place

34
Q

plant structure

A

Xylem- transports water and mineral in the plants

Phloem carries ions and food

35
Q

factors the affects the transpiration

A

bright light leads to more transpiration
more light= more photosynthesis so more water is needed
high temperature= more transpiration as the rate of reaction is faster
higher wind= more transpiration because wind if going to be moving things and diffusion takes place

36
Q

Pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes a disease
examples= virus bacteria fungi protists
spreads by AIR (cough) TOUCH (bacteria) BLOOD ( sexual fluid) or VECTORS (mosquitoes)
measles spread by liquid droplets in the air examples if one inhales someone’s sneeze common in children

37
Q

HIV

A

the virus spread by unprotected sex, sharing needles, childbirth, infected blood
HIV attacks white blood cells
if white blood cells are attacked tell immune cells

38
Q

TMV

A

is a virus from a plant using direct contact

able to see if their a reduces chlorophyll

39
Q

Salmonella

A

bacteria and is caused by eating infected food
rare in the uk as they are vaccinated
causes diarrhoea and fever dehydration

40
Q

gonnerriea

A

bacteria and is spread by sexual contact

implications are thick green smelly discharge and pain when urinating and bleeding

41
Q

Rose black spot

A

caused by a fungus

implication of discolouration of leaf

42
Q

immune system

A

consumer pathogens- white pathogens will engulf any dangers
produce any antitoxins
produces antibodies to recognise pathogens quickly

43
Q

Antibiotics

A

kills bacteria

used everywhere and is running out

44
Q

New drugs

A

used to test toxicity and the dose

Dose- how much is needed to be affected

45
Q

Penicillin

A

discovered in 1928

clears up infections and bacterial growth

46
Q

Aspirin

A

pain killer

47
Q

Foxgloves

A

toxic from plants and is a heart drug

48
Q

Aphids

A

they such all the water and nutrients

ants eat the aphids

49
Q

photosynthesis

A

takes water and carbon dioxide into glucose and water
The endothermic reaction
takes in energy
needs chlorophyll water and carbon dioxide and light

50
Q

Respiration

A

Glucose and oxygen is needed to make water and carbon dioxide
is an exothermic reaction and energy is given out

51
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

without oxygen
glucose= Energy and lactic acids
not a lot of energy is needed because glucose isnt fully broken down
lactic acid builds an oxygen debt

52
Q

Anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

yeast + glucose into carbon and ethanol

53
Q

Metabolism

A

The rate of chemical reactions that takes place in the body such as glucose into starch
cellulose are glycogen
fatty acids= lipids
amino acids are proteins
glucose + nitrate for amino acid
protein form urea and all involves energy
energy from respiration in the mitochondria

GCSE AQA- Biology (8 decks)

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