B3 Flashcards
what are pathogens?
pathogens are microorganisms that cause a disease
what disease can pathogens cause
Pathogens can cause a virus, bacteria, fungi and protists
How can pathogens spread?
Pathogens can spread by direct contact, by water or air
what are viruses ?
Viruses are lived and produced in the cells and causes damaged cells, such as HIV
What is a bacteria?
Bacterias are produced by poisons (toxins) that damage the tissue and makes us feel ill such as salmonella
what are the symptoms of measles
The symptoms of measles could be a
- fever
- red skin rash
Why are young children vaccinated?
Childrens are vaccinated to be prevented from measles that can be fatal
How can measles be spread?
Measles can be spread by the inhalation of the droplets from somes sneeze or cough
WHat does HIV cause and how can it be controlled?
HIV causes a flu illness and is controlled by drugs/ medicine
What causes black spots in plants? and how is it spread?
Fungus causes black spots in plants and is spread by wind or water
what is reduced when rose black spots is presents?
Photosynthesis is reduced if rose black water is present
How is rose black spots treated?
Rose black spots are treated using fungicides or removing the affected leaf
what is Tobacco mosaic virus? (TMV)
Tobacco mosaic is a virus! tmV
Give an example of a plant that can be affected my Tobacco mosaic virus?
Tomato plants can be affected by TMV
How can you identify TMV ?
you can identify TMV by seeing the discolouration of the leaves which affects the growth
Examples of bacteria (toxins)
Examples of bacteria (toxins)
- Salmonella
- Gonorrhea
what is salmonella and how is it spread?
Salmonella is the food poisoning and is spread by ingested food prepared in unhygienic condition/ area
State one thing about the UK poultry
The UK poultry’s are vaccinated against salmonella to prevent the spread
What symptoms do salmonella cause?
Salmonella causes
- vomiting
- Fever
- Diarrhea
What type of pathogen is “gonorrhea”
Gonorrhea is a Bacteria (toxin)
What is gonorrhea?
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?
Symptoms of gonorrhea is a thick yellow discharge or pain when urinating
How can gonorrhea be treated?
Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics
How is gonorrhea spread?
Gonorrhea is spread by sexual contact
what type of pathogen is malaria?
Malaria is a protist
what does malaria cause
Malaria causes fever and can be fatal
how is the spread of malaria controlled
Malaria is controlled by using a mosquito net to avoid being bitten
what are vectors
vectors are animals that spread/carry a disease
how does the skin help fight against the pathogens
the skin helps fight against the pathogens by which acts as a barrier/ protective layer
how does the nose helps prevent against pathogens?
The nose contains a sticky layer called mucus and stops anything from entering
how does the stomach helps prevent against pathogen
the stomach helps prevent against pathogens as it creates an acid with destroys any microorganism
what does white blood cell prevent?
white blood cell helps prevent against any pathogens
name 3 examples of how the white blood cells help to defend against pathogens
the white blood cells defend against pathogens by using
- phagocytosis
- antibody production
- antitoxin production
explain phagocytosis
phagocytosis is when phagocytes ingest the pathogens
explain antibody production
antibody production is when a lymphocyte produces antibodies
NOTE: different antibodies are needed for different pathogens
what are antibodies? (skip)
antibodies are Proteins that recognize and bind to antigens
what are antigens? (skip)
antigens is a substance that induces the immune systems
explain antitoxins production
Lymphocyte also releases antitoxins this is when toxins stick to them
lymphocyte helps prevents them from damaging the body
what are “antibiotics”
Antibiotics are medicines that help cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria
what do antibodies do?
Antibodies help treat against the disease by cannot kill pathogens
what is a vaccination?
Vaccination prevents people from getting ill
being immune means that white blood cells can react quickly as memory cells are produced
why are drugs tested on plants now?
plant cells are tested on the plant to make sure they are safe and effective and are tested for the dose and toxicity
where is preclinical testing done?
preclinical testing is done in the lab using cells tissue and animals
what are clinical trials
clinical trials are when it’s done on healthy volunteers
they start by giving a low dose and if it’s safe they’ll try the optimum dose
cholera is spread by what?
cholera is spread by water by drinking or bathing in contaminated water
what happens if a planet lacks nitrate ions
If a planet lacks nitrate ions, the growth can be stunted
