Considerations for woman and children Flashcards
When is growth the most rapid?
in the first year of life when an infants length increases about 50%
What are growth patterns?
occurs in spurts and plateaus
critical periods of growth as infants and during puberty where inadequate nutrition can have lasting effects
What happens if a child gets too much energy?
they make more fat cells
predisposes to obesity
Should kids go on a diet?
no they shouldn’t be calorically restricted.
reduce intake or replace with healthy foods
increase activity levels
What do young children need?
small stomach and high energy needs = lots of small meals/snacks
if a new food is introduced at the beginning of a meal when the child is still hungry its more likely to be accepted
What are the nutritional needs of adolescents?
nutritional needs are greater at this time then any other time
energy requirements for boys begin to exceed those of the girls
How much energy do teen girls need?
36-46kcal/kg
How much energy do teen boys need?
40-55kcal/kg
What micronutrients need to be focussed on more during the teenage years?
iron and calcium
What is the second fastest growth period?
puberty.
Gain about 50% of adult weight
50% of skeletal mass
20% of adult height
What can a negative energy balance during childhood/adolescence lead to?
delayed puberty menstrual irregularities poor bone health increased incidence of injuries risk of developing eating disorders
Does a child or a young adult need more energy?
a child may need 25-30% more energy tan a young adult when they walk/run at the same speed
What is the recommendation of fat in adolescents and children?
30% of energy in children and 35% of energy in adolescents
Do children need to be hydrated more?
Yes. they have less thermoregulatory ability and so are at higher risk for heat stress. This is because they create more energy per kg of bodyweight because they have a less efficient metabolism
What is the female athlete triad?
disordered eating
amenorrhea
bone loss
if you have one component you should be screened for the other two
What is amenorrhea?
classified as the absence of menstrual periods
What is primary amenorrhea?
if menarche has not occurred by the age of 14 without secondary sex characteristics or by age 16 with secondary sex characteristics (mostly gymnasts)
What is secondary amenorrhea?
absence of menstruation at a point in time beyond the establishment of normal cycles
Is amenorrhea caused by too much exercise or too low energy intake?
low energy intake
What is BMD?
Bone mineral density
the amount of bone mineral contained in a standard area of bone
gives and indication of the strength of the bone
how is BMD measured?
typically using a DEXA scanner
How can bone health be increased?
regular loading (including exercise)
adequate calcium and vitamin D
growth stimulating hormones
What is referred to as the three legged stool?
the three parts of good bone health
Whos at risk of the female triad?
sports which have a subjective component (gymnastics, diving etc)
endurance sports that emphasis low body weight
sports with revealing clothing
sports emphasizing prepubertal body for success (figure skating, gymnastics)
During pregnancy what will not exercising result in?
loss of muscle and CV function excessive maternal weight gain higher risk of gestational diabetes higher rate of lower back pain poor physiological adjustment
How much extra energy should you consume while pregnant?
increased need for extra 200-300cal/day
increase of 10-15g protein
however in the third trimester there is less activity resulting in decreased requirements
How much energy do you need during lactation?
extra 400kcal/day
Is iron deficiency a concern in pregnancy?
yes
decrease in iron can lead to pre term babies. lbw and birth defects
Why do pregnant woman need folic acid (vitamin B)
helps prevent birth defects
400ug/day
no harm in taking too much
