Considerations for woman and children

Question 1

When is growth the most rapid?

Answer 1

in the first year of life when an infants length increases about 50%

Question 2

What are growth patterns?

Answer 2

occurs in spurts and plateaus

critical periods of growth as infants and during puberty where inadequate nutrition can have lasting effects

Question 3

What happens if a child gets too much energy?

Answer 3

they make more fat cells

predisposes to obesity

Question 4

Should kids go on a diet?

Answer 4

no they shouldn’t be calorically restricted.
reduce intake or replace with healthy foods
increase activity levels

Question 5

What do young children need?

Answer 5

small stomach and high energy needs = lots of small meals/snacks
if a new food is introduced at the beginning of a meal when the child is still hungry its more likely to be accepted

Question 6

What are the nutritional needs of adolescents?

Answer 6

nutritional needs are greater at this time then any other time
energy requirements for boys begin to exceed those of the girls

Question 7

How much energy do teen girls need?

Answer 7

36-46kcal/kg

Question 8

How much energy do teen boys need?

Answer 8

40-55kcal/kg

Question 9

What micronutrients need to be focussed on more during the teenage years?

Answer 9

iron and calcium

Question 10

What is the second fastest growth period?

Answer 10

puberty.
Gain about 50% of adult weight
50% of skeletal mass
20% of adult height

Question 11

What can a negative energy balance during childhood/adolescence lead to?

Answer 11

delayed puberty
menstrual irregularities
poor bone health
increased incidence of injuries
risk of developing eating disorders

Question 12

Does a child or a young adult need more energy?

Answer 12

a child may need 25-30% more energy tan a young adult when they walk/run at the same speed

Question 13

What is the recommendation of fat in adolescents and children?

Answer 13

30% of energy in children and 35% of energy in adolescents

Question 14

Do children need to be hydrated more?

Answer 14

Yes. they have less thermoregulatory ability and so are at higher risk for heat stress. This is because they create more energy per kg of bodyweight because they have a less efficient metabolism

Question 15

What is the female athlete triad?

Answer 15

disordered eating
amenorrhea
bone loss

if you have one component you should be screened for the other two

Question 16

What is amenorrhea?

Answer 16

classified as the absence of menstrual periods

Question 17

What is primary amenorrhea?

Answer 17

if menarche has not occurred by the age of 14 without secondary sex characteristics or by age 16 with secondary sex characteristics (mostly gymnasts)

Question 18

What is secondary amenorrhea?

Answer 18

absence of menstruation at a point in time beyond the establishment of normal cycles

Question 19

Is amenorrhea caused by too much exercise or too low energy intake?

Answer 19

low energy intake

Question 20

What is BMD?

Answer 20

Bone mineral density
the amount of bone mineral contained in a standard area of bone

gives and indication of the strength of the bone

Question 21

how is BMD measured?

Answer 21

typically using a DEXA scanner

Question 22

How can bone health be increased?

Answer 22

regular loading (including exercise)
adequate calcium and vitamin D
growth stimulating hormones

Question 23

What is referred to as the three legged stool?

Answer 23

the three parts of good bone health

Question 24

Whos at risk of the female triad?

Answer 24

sports which have a subjective component (gymnastics, diving etc)
endurance sports that emphasis low body weight
sports with revealing clothing
sports emphasizing prepubertal body for success (figure skating, gymnastics)

Question 25

During pregnancy what will not exercising result in?

Answer 25

loss of muscle and CV function
excessive maternal weight gain
higher risk of gestational diabetes
higher rate of lower back pain
poor physiological adjustment

Question 26

How much extra energy should you consume while pregnant?

Answer 26

increased need for extra 200-300cal/day
increase of 10-15g protein
however in the third trimester there is less activity resulting in decreased requirements

Question 27

How much energy do you need during lactation?

Answer 27

extra 400kcal/day

Question 28

Is iron deficiency a concern in pregnancy?

Answer 28

yes

decrease in iron can lead to pre term babies. lbw and birth defects

Question 29

Why do pregnant woman need folic acid (vitamin B)

Answer 29

helps prevent birth defects
400ug/day
no harm in taking too much