conservation

Question 1

define in situ

Answer 1

this is carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment

Question 2

what are marine conservation zones

Answer 2

• areas of the sea set aside to conserve the diversity of species and habitats

Question 3

what are wildlife reserves

Answer 3

• areas set aside for the conservation of species or habitats

Question 4

what are the advantages of in situ conservation

Answer 4

• conserved within there natural habitat
• protects biodiversity and representatives examples of ecosystem
• protects elements of natural and cultural heritages
• allows management of these areas to ensure that ecological integrity is maintained
• may provide opportunities for ecologically sustainable land uses, including traditional outdoor heritage sites
• facilitates scientific research
• improve and restore the ecological integrity of area

Question 5

what are the disadvantages of in situ conservation

Answer 5

• endangered habitats may be fragmented and each small area may not be large enough to ensure survival
• the population may have lost much of its genetic diversity
• conditions that cause the habitat or species to become endangered may still be present
• area acts as a honeypot to poachers and ecotourism

Question 6

What are the ways to conserve in situ

Answer 6

• legislation
• wildlife reserves
• repopulation

Question 7

Describe legislation for conservation in situ

Answer 7

• possible to pass legislation to stop activities such as hunting, logging and clearing land for development and agriculture
• difficult to enforce it

Question 8

describe wildlife reserves for conservation in situ

Answer 8

• they are designated areas that are established for the conservation of habitats and species
• large reserves are important for the conservation efforts in parts of the world such as Africa
• Land management agreements on private land and farm sites can be used for conservation

Question 9

What are the principle for choosing a wildlife reserve

Answer 9

• comprehensiveness- how many species are represented in the area and what are prevailing environmental conditions
• adequacy - is the area large enough to provide for the long term survival of all the species, populations and communities represented
• representatives - is there a full range of diversity within each species and each set of environmental conditions

Question 10

why would conflict rise between local community and people trying to conserve the area

Answer 10

• protected animals coming out of the reserve to raid crops
• people continuing to hunt protected animals for food
• illegal harvesting of timber and other plant products
• tourists feeding protected animals and leaving litter

Question 11

describe the wildlife reserves in the UK

Answer 11

• National parks there are 15 in the UK, convering lanscapes
• National nature reserves - in 2014, there are nearly 400 NNRs in the UK and they cover 94,000 hectares of land
• sites of special scientific interests - over 6000 SSSIs in UK, country best geographical and wildlife sites
• local nature reserve
• marine conservation zones - 27 sites around the UK coast are designated as marine conservation zones

Question 12

describe repopulation as an in situ conservation method

Answer 12

• possible to rebuild biodiversity in areas where they have been lost
• Conifer crops are being cleared for wildlife habitat recovery and large areas of grazing land are helped to revert to traditional meadow grassland
• in Phinda reserve of south africa work began in 1990 to clear livestock and introduce natural faun, more than 1000 wildebeest, zebras, giraffes were released between 1990 and 1992, nearly 30 white rhinos and 56 elephants follwod then lions were later released
• this recreates the rich community

Question 13

define ex situ

Answer 13

• this is conservation outside the normal habitat of the species

Question 14

Name some ex situ conservations

Answer 14

• Zoos
• Botanic garderns
• seed banks
• storage in seeds

Question 15

describe zoos

Answer 15

• breed endangered species
• conduct researchg
• IVF, embryo transfer and artificial insemination allows it to preserve large amount of genetic material
• conduct research on common species to protect endangered species

Question 16

describe the advatanges of ex situ conservation

Answer 16

• organisms are protected from predataion and poachers
• health of the individuals can be monitored and medical assistance can be given
• populations can be divided so that if a disaster stikes one population, then the other can survive
• genetic diversity can be measured
• selective breeding can be carried out to increase genetic diversity
• ivf increases chances of reproductive success
• animals and plants can be bred to increase the numbers of an endangered species
• research into reproductive physiology, lifestyle and ecology of endangered species is made easier
• conversations sites can be used as attractions to raise funds for further conservation efforts
• conservation sites can be used for education

Question 17

Describe the disadvantages of ex situ conservation

Answer 17

• captive populations has limited genetic diversity
• aniamls can be exposed to a wide range of differnet diseases
• organisms are livign outside there natural habitat
• nutritional issues can be difficult to manage
• animals not behave as normal and reproduction is difficult
• environmental conditions are difficult to achieve
• expensive to maintain suitable environmental conditions
• if reproduction is successful the animals have to survive reintroduction into the wild
• difficulties of acceptance by existing wild members of the species

Question 18

what is a botanic garden

Answer 18

zoo for plants, iuses ex situ to conserve plants

• seeds produced in large numbers, can be collected from the wild without causing too much disturbance to the ecosystem
• seeds can be stored and germinated in protected surroundings
• can be stored in huge numbers without occupying too much space
• plants can often breed asexually
• botanic gardens can increase the number of individual plants very quickly through techniques such as tissue culture which provides an supply for research and reintroduction into the wiold,
• captive bred individuals can be replanted into the wild

Question 19

what are the disadvatnages of botanic gardens

Answer 19

• fudning can be difficult, public perception of plants is not the same as with aniamls and fewer people want to sponsor or plant or give money to save a particular species
• collecting seeds will cause disturbance
• collected samples may not have a representiative level of genetic diversity
• seeds collected from one area may be genetically different from those collected elsewhere and may not succeed in a different area
• seeds stored fro any length of time may not be viable
• plants breed asexually will be genetically identical reducing genetic diversity furtuther
• conclusiosn based on a small sample may not be valid for the whole species

Question 20

what is a seed bank

Answer 20

it is a collection of seed samples,

Question 21

advatnages of seed banks

Answer 21

• seed banks contain seeds that remain viable for decades,
• provide seed for food and crops
• diseases resistant
• repopulation of endganegered habitats
• stored in dry conditions
• resistant to desiccation and level of moisture has an effect, for every 1% decrease in moisture results in the life span of the seed doubling, for every 5 degrees drop life span doubles
• have to check there viability and germination checked each year

Question 22

what is CITES

Answer 22

the convention on international trade in endangered species

Question 23

what are the aims of CITES

Answer 23

• regulate and monitor international trade in selected species of plants and animals
• ensure that international trade does not endanger the survival of populations in the wild
• ensure that trade in wild plants for commercial purposes is prohibited
• ensure that trade in artificially propagated plants is allowed, subject to permit
• ensure that some slightly less endangered wild species may be traded subject to a permit as agreed between exporting and importing countries

Question 24

what is the rio convention on biological diversity

Answer 24

• the convention on biological diversity was singed by 150 government leadsre
• promotes sustainable development and recongises that biological diversity is about plants animals, microorganisms ecoysstems and people and the food sources that they need to secure

Question 25

what are the aims of the Rio convetion on biological diversity

Answer 25

• conservation of biological diversity
• sustainable sue of its compoenents
• appropriate shared access to genetic resources
• appropriate sharing and transfer of scientific knowledge and technologies
• fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources

Question 26

what is the countryside stewardship scheme

Answer 26

a scheme to encourage farmers and other landowners to manage parts of their land in a way that promotes conservation

Question 27

what is the aim of the countryside stewardship scheme

Answer 27

• improve natural beauty and diversity of the countryside
• enhance restore and re-create targeted landscapes their wildlife habitats and historical features
• improve opportunities for public access
  aim to provide funding and advice to help land managers to conserve enhance and promote the countryside by
• looking after wildlife, species and their many habitat
• ensuring land is well managed and retains its traditional character
• protecting historic features and natural resources
• ensuring traditional livestock and crops are conserved
• providing opportunites for people to visit and learn about the countryside

Question 28

what is the role of zoos, botanic gardens and seed banks

Answer 28

• provide support to each other, share their technologies and genetic material
• breeding programmes -import animals from different zoos
• can also import the organisms genetic material prevents waste of time, stress orgon organism and rare animals
• transport eggs and embryo
• reintroduction will fail unless help from the country that the organsism are originally from
• wildlife resevers essential for reintroduction