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Biology Module 4 > Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

name the modern classifying hierarchy

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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2
Q

name the three domains

A
  • archaea
  • eubacteria
  • eukaryotae
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3
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

plantae
Animalia
fungi
protoctista

prokaryotae

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4
Q

phylum

A

a major subdivision of the kingdom, a phylum contains all the groups of organisms that have the same body plan

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5
Q

class

A

a group of organisms that all posses the same general traits

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6
Q

order

A

a subdivisdion of the class using additional information about the organisms

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7
Q

family

A

a group of closely related genera

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8
Q

genus

A

a group of closely related species

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9
Q

species

A

the basic unit of classification

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10
Q

What’s a binomial?

A

a system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms

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11
Q

binomial name of humans

A

Homo sapiens - take the genus name and species name

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12
Q

why do you have a binomial name?

A
  • the same organism may have a completely different common name in different parts of one country
  • different common names are used in different countries
  • translation of languages or dialects may guve different names
  • the same common name may be used for different species in other parts of the world
  • Linnaeus used Latin this is where every scientist in every country will use in the same name
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13
Q

Describe prokaryotae

A
  • have no nucleus
  • have a loop of DNA that is not arranged in linear chromosomes
  • Have naked DNA - not associated with histone proteins
  • have no membrane-bound organelles
  • have smaller ribosomes than in other groups
  • have cells smaller than those of eukaryotes
  • may be free-living or parasitic
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14
Q

describe Protoctista

A
  • are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
  • mostly single celled but many algae are multicellular
  • shows a wide variety of forms - only common thing is that they do not qualify to belong in other kingdoms
  • show various plant like or animal like features
  • mostly free living
  • have autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition - some photosynthesis some ingest prey and some feed using extracellular enzyme and some are parasites
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15
Q

Describe Fungi

A
  • are eukaryotic
  • can exist as single cells or they have a mycelium that consists of hyphae
  • have walls made of chitin
  • have a cytoplasm that is multinucleate
  • are mostly free living and saprophytic - this means that they can cause decay of organic matter
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16
Q

Describe Plantae

A
  • are eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • have cells surrounded by a cellulose cell wall
  • are autotrophic - absorb simple moleucles and build them into larger organic molecules
  • contain chlorophyll
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17
Q

Describe Animalia

A
  • are eukaryotic
  • are multicellular
  • heterotrophic - digests large organic molecules to form smaller molecules for absorption
  • are usually able to move around
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18
Q

How did Linnaeus put living organisms into groups

A
  • he based it on appearance and anatomy
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19
Q

How did Aristotle classify all living things

A 
either plant or animal
then he classed them into 
- live and move in water
- live and move on land
- move through air
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20
Q

what happened in the 17th century that suggested that not everything you observe can put them into the right group

A
  • microscopes were created in the 17th century
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21
Q

what is an euglena

A

this is a single celled organism that has chloroplasts to photosynthesis, it also has the ability to move around using a flagellum one of the reasons that lead to the 5 kingdoms

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22
Q

Who suggested the 3 domain classification

A

in 1990 Carl Woese suggested a new classification system

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23
Q

What did Carl Woese base his domain idea on

A

a detailed study of the ribosomal RNA Gene

24
Q

What was the 3 domains that Carl Woese came up with

A

Archaeae, Bacteria, Eukaryote (He divided the kingdom prokaryote into two groups)

25
Q

What are the differences in bacteria

A
  • a different cell membrane structure
  • flagella with a different internal structure
  • different enzymes( RNA polymerase for synthesising RNA)
  • no proteins bound to their genetic material
  • Different mechanisms for DNA replication and for synthesising RNA
26
Q

When did the archaea share certain features with eukaryotes

A
  • similar enzymes (RNA polymerase) for synthesising RNA
  • Similar mechanisms for DNA replication and synthesising RNA
  • production of some proteins that bind to their DNA
27
Q

Why do Woese separate the bacteria and the Archaea

A

he argued that the differences between the archaea and the bacteria are fundamental
whereas the differences between archaea and eukaryote are different - therefore it must reflect the difference

28
Q

Why did the classification system of two groups change into 3 groups

A
  • euglena

- fungi - hypae that acted like roots as they grew into the surroundings but they were hetertrophic such unlike plants

29
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

This is when two unrelated species could adapt in similar ways and therefore look similar for example a dolphin and shark, as they may have adapted in a similar niche

30
Q

What do biological molecules help us do

A

They help us classify organism better than just using there observable features
- they help us identify how closely one species is to another

31
Q

Why are only certain biological molecules used

A

only certain biological molecules are used as these are the biological molecules that around found in all organisms as they are fundamental for life
- for example cytochrome C is used in respiration therefore is in all organisms but it is not identical in all species

32
Q

Explain how cytochrome c works

A

it is made form chains of amino acids, therefore when comparing how closely related two different organisms are we look at the chains on the amino acids
- if sequences are very similar/same then they are closely related, if the sequences are different then they are less closely related

33
Q

Explain how DNA can be used to see how closely related an organism is?

A

DNA is found in all living things, this provides a genetic code with amino acid sequence

  • mutations occur which distort the sequence of bases in DNA, these happen randomly
  • the more closely related the species are the less mutations and bases that they will have different
34
Q

What did Darwin come up with

A

natural selection

35
Q

How did Darwin come up with his theory

A

this was developed on his time studying animals on his 5 year trip to the Galapagos islands, he realised that the same bird had different variations on different islands therefore he concluded that a species of bird must have migrated to different islands but then adapted to suit that island (environment better)

36
Q

What are Darwin’s 4 observations

A
  1. offspring generally appear similar to their parents
  2. no two individuals are identical
  3. organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
  4. populations in nature tend to remain fairly is size
37
Q

What are Darwins 3 conclusions

A
  1. there is a struggle to survive
  2. better-adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics
  3. over time a number of changes may give rise to a new species
38
Q

What have fossils shown us

A
  1. in the past the world was inhabited by species that were different to the ones present today
  2. old species have died out and new species have arisn
  3. the new species that have appeared are often similar to the older ones that our found in the same place
39
Q

what did Darwin understand from fossils

A

He began to understand that the fossils gave rise to the modern species that we have today, the more modern species were better adapted to the environment and therefore survived whereas the fossils had died, many fossils were much larger than modern species we have today

40
Q

why are fossils good

A

allow use to see a complete fossil record of evolution this shows us how one species has risen from another

41
Q

what is the presences of differences between individuals called

A

variation

42
Q

are identical twins different or the same

A

different, start of as one cell but as that one cell divides more and more the cell divisions may have caused mutations and changes to the DNA therefore they are not the same
- environmental differences may also cause them to be different

43
Q

what is intrAspecific variation

A

the variation between members of the same species

44
Q

What is intErspecific variation

A

the variation between species

45
Q

What is continuous variation

A

this is where there are two extremes and a full range of intermediate values between those two extremes

  • most individuals are close to the mean value and the number of individuals at each end is low
  • regulated by more than one gene and influenced by the environment in which the individual lives
46
Q

Name so examples of continuous variation

A
  • height in humans
  • length of leaves on a oak tree
  • length of stalk
  • number of flagella on bacterium
47
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

this is where there are two or more distinct categories with no intermediate values, members of a species may be evenly distributed between the different forms or there may be one type more than thte other
- regulated by a single gene and not usally influenced by the environment around it

48
Q

examples of discontinuous variation

A
  • gender
  • some bacteria have flagella but others do not
  • human blood groups
49
Q

What are the causes of variation

A
  • environmental

- inherited

50
Q

how do you know if its inherited or genetic

A
  • inherited - define our characterstics, the combination of alleles we receive is individual to ourselves there can never be a complete match of genes and alleles even though we may share a lot of them
51
Q

Environmental variation

A
  • characterstics can be effected by the environment for example eating to much or getting a tan
52
Q

Give some examples of combined effects of environmental and genetic variation

A
  • in the past humans have become taller as the result of better diet, but height is limited by genes
  • not all genes are active at any one time - for example some genes become active when you reach puberty
  • changes in the environment can affect which genes are active
53
Q

Draw the formula for the standard deviation

A

DRAW IT

54
Q

What does standard deviation measure

A

it is a measure of variation, it measures the amount of variation or spread from the mean

55
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The system of classifying organisms according to their observable features or genetic characteristics

Biology Module 4 (11 decks)

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