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Biology Module 4 > Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

why is a host body good for a pathogen

A

a host body creates a good environment for the pathogen to live in as it can live of the nutrients caused by the cells

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3
Q

what does the pathogen do to the host body

A

causes damage to the cells and takes nurients from the host

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4
Q

what kingdom does bacteria belong to

A

prokaryotae

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5
Q

How does bacteria harm the body

A

they damage cells and release toxins and waste substances that are harmful to the host
- in plants they live in the vascular tissue

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6
Q

where does fungi live

A

fungi lives in the skin of an animal where its hyphae, this forms a mycelium which grows under the skins surface
- in plants it lives in the vascular tissue where it gains nutrients

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7
Q

how does fungus cause irritation and redness

A

it sends out special reproductive hyphae which grows on the surface of the skin to release spores this causes the redness and irritation

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8
Q

in plants what does the hyphae do

A

it releases extracellular enzymes such as cellulases which digest the surrounding tissue and cause decay

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9
Q

what are the symptoms of fungi in plants

A
  • leaves - mottled in colour, curl up, shrivel and die

- fruit - turn black and decay

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10
Q

what doe viruses do inside the cell

A

they invade the cell and take over the genetic machinery and other organelles of the cell
cell then manufactures more copies of the virus
host cell then bursts and new viruses invade other cells

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11
Q

what do protoctista do?

A

they enter host cells and feed on the content as they grow

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12
Q

what are the 4 types of pathogen

A

fungi, bacteria, protoctista, viruses

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13
Q

tuberculosis

A
  • bacteria

- affects many parts but kills cells and tissues, lungs are most affected

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14
Q

bacterial meningitis

A
  • bacteria
  • infection of the meninges, membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, the membrane swell and cause damage to the brain and nerves
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15
Q

ring rot

A
  • bacteria

- ring of decay in vascular tissue of a potato tuber or tomato accompanied by leaf wilting

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16
Q

HIV/AIDs

A
  • virus

- attacks cells in the immune system and compromises immune response

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17
Q

influenza

A
  • virus

- attacks respiratory system and causes muscle pains and headaches

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18
Q

tobacco mosaic virus

A
  • virus

- causes mottling and discolouration of leaves

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19
Q

black sigatoka (banana)

A
  • fungi

- causes leaf spots in banana a plants reducing yield

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20
Q

blight (tomato and potatoes)

A
  • protoctistan

- affect both the leaves and potato tubers

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21
Q

ringworm (cattle)

A
  • fungus

- growth of fungus in skin with spore cases erupting through skin to cause a rash

22
Q

athletes foot

A
  • fungus

- growth under skin of feet particularly between the toes

23
Q

malaria

A
  • protoctistan

- parasite in the blood that causes a headache and fever and may progress into coma and death

24
Q

what is the lifecycle of a pathogen

A

travel from one host to another
enter hosts tissues
reproduce
leave hosts tissues

25
Q

What are the factors effecting direct physical contact

A 
hygiene
keeping surfaces clean
cleaning and disinfecting cuts
sterilising surgical equipment
using condoms
26
Q

What are the factors effecting faecal (oral) transmission

A

using sewage to treat crops
treatment of waste and water
washing all fresh food and careful preparation

27
Q

what are the factors affecting droplet infection

A

catch it - bin it - kill it
cover mouth when coughing or sneezing
use a tissue

28
Q

what are the factors affecting transmission by spores

A

use a mask

washing skin after contact with soil

29
Q

what are the means of direct transmission

A

direct physical contact
- touching an infected person or contaminated surface that harbours the pathogens - HIV, ringworm, athletes foot
faecal
- usually by eating or drinking contaminated substances - cholera or food poisoning
droplet infection
- in which the pathogen is carried in tiny droplets in the air, TB, influenza
spores
- a resistant stage of the pathogen carried in air or residue on surface or in the soil - anthrax and tetanus

30
Q

what other things cause disease

A 
overcrowding
poor ventilation 
poor health
poor diet
homelessness
living and working with people who have migrated from diseased areas
31
Q

what is a vector used for

A

its used by the pathogen to gain entry to the primary host

32
Q

describe the malaria cycle

A 
1. gametes of plasmodium in blood
2, female anopheles mosquito sucks blood
3. plasmodium develops and migrates to mosquitos salivary gland
4. uninfected person is bitten 
5. plasmodium migrates to liver
6. plasmodium migrates to blood
7. person with malaria
33
Q

how do plants have diseases transmitted to them

A

enter the roots
many fungi produce spores due to sexual and asexual reproduction - these are carried by the wind
enter fruit and seeds and will distribute with the seeds so offspring are infected
pathogens in the leaves when the leaves are shed carry the pathogen back to the soil where it can grow and infect another plant

34
Q

what does a pathogen do in a plant

A

effects all vascular tissue,

35
Q

what effect does climate have on disease

A

warm and moist conditions increase growth of bacteria, fungi, protoctista
this provides a greater variety of diseases in warmer countries

36
Q

What is a primary defence?

A

a primary defence are the mechanisms which evolve to prevent entry of pathogenic organisms from entering the body, for example the skin

37
Q

Why are primary defences non-specific?

A

they are non-specific as they have to prevent entry into the body from the various types of pathogens

38
Q

What is the main primary defence?

A

skin

39
Q

Describe the outer layer of skin

A

the outer layer is called the epidermis and consists of layers of cells called keratinocytes

40
Q

describe the process of keratinisation

A

the cells are produced by mitosis at the base of the epidermis they then migrate to the skin surface and dry out, the cytoplasm is replaced by keratein and takes 80 days when they reach the skin surface they are dead, this acts as a barrier

41
Q

What does blood clotting do?

A

temporary skill to precvent infection and repair the skin

42
Q

describe how a clot forms

A
  1. Damaged blood vessels expose collagen and releases clotting factors as connective tissue is now exposed
    platelets bind to collagen releasing clotting factors this causes a temporary platelet plug clot
  2. The platelets binding to the collagen causes the inactive thrombokinase in the blood to change shape and form an active site so the thrombokinase becomes active
  3. The active throbokinase plus calcium ions causes the prothrombin in the blood to turn into active thrombin, this active thrombin turns soluble fibrogen into an insoluble fibrin
  4. the fibres attach to platelets in plug and a blood clot forms this traps the red blood cells and platelets
43
Q

What happens after a clot has formed

A

the clot begins to dry and form a scab
the scab then shrinks as it drys and draws the sides of the cut together sealing the skin
1. the first stage is the deposition of fibrous collagen under the scab
2. the stem cells then divide by mitosis to form new cells these migrate to the edges of the cut and differentiate to form new skin
3. new blood vessels then grow to supply oxygen and nurtients to the tissues
4. the scab is then released

44
Q

Why is where the food enters more at risk

A

where food enters the blood the exchange surfaces are quite thin and less well protected so are more at risk

45
Q

What produced mucus

A

goblet cells in the epithelial layer

46
Q

Where is the mucus/ciliated epithelium

A 
gut
genital areas
anus
ears 
nose
47
Q

How does mucus trap the pathogens

A

traps pathogens that are in the air, the mucus is then wafted along the trachea by cilia cells where it enters the oesophagus this is swallowed and digested by the pathogen and then killed by the acidity of the stomach

48
Q

what is an expulsive reflex

A

coughing or sneezing as a response to irritation, it is caused by the presence of pathogens

49
Q

what are the other primary defences

A

eyes produce antibodies and enzymes and tissue fluid
ear wax traps pathogens
female reproductive system has mucus plug in cervix and acidic conditions

50
Q

How does inflammation work

A
  1. presence of pathogens detected by specialised cells called mast cells
  2. mast cells release signalling substance called histamine this causes vascodilation around the infected area and increases the blood flow bringing more phagocytes to the area
  3. vascodilation causes the redness, it also increases the size of the pores within the capillary wall this allows the phagocytes to change shape and squeeze out into the tissue fluid
  4. the excess tissue fluid is then drained into the lymphatic system where the lymphocytes are stored
  5. the pathogen come into contact with the lymphocytes and a specific immune response is started
  6. the swelling is caused by an increase in tissue fluid

Biology Module 4 (11 decks)

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