Consent and Control

Question 1

why did M believe in indoctrinating the children of Italy?

Answer 1

he believed that by indoctrinating them from an early age they would grow up to be loyal fascists and die for Mussolini

Question 2

why was Giovanni Gentile replaced as Minister for Education?

Answer 2

he wanted to increase education standards which was not what M wanted

M simply wanted indoctrination and support for fascism

Question 3

what was the Fascist textbook used by all schools in Italy?

Answer 3

Libra unico

Question 4

how many history textbooks were banned in 1926?

Answer 4

101

Question 5

what did new history books contain more of?

Answer 5

more on patriotism and the Roman Empire

Question 6

what changes were made to education policy in 1931?

Answer 6

• teachers had to take an oath of loyalty to the regime
• all teacher associations were merged into one fascist organisation

Question 7

what did the Gioventi Universitaria Facsista offer for Italian students?

Answer 7

• half price on entertainment
• use of sports facilities
• part exemption from military service
• enhanced career progression

Question 8

how many university staff refused to take the oath of loyalty?

Answer 8

11 of 1250

Question 9

what was the ONB?

Answer 9

Opera Nazionale Batilla

was a fascist youth group for 8-18 year olds

Question 10

what were the 2 boys groups of the ONB?

Answer 10

Batilla and Avanguardisti

Question 11

what were the 2 girls groups of the ONB?

Answer 11

Piccole Italiane and Giovane Italiane

Question 12

why did parents feel inclined to send their children to ONB meetings?

Answer 12

parents were worried of losing social integration

children who didn’t attend ONB meetings would receive lower test marks and reduced welfare support

therefore it would make it difficult for children who did not attend to go and have a good career

Question 13

when was membership of the ONB made compulsory?

Answer 13

1939

Question 14

what happened to other youth groups?

Answer 14

were all banned

except the Catholic Action group

Question 15

what was the OND?

Answer 15

Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro

a government organisation which promoted fascism among workers by arranging leisure activities and social activities

Question 16

what things did the OND offer?

Answer 16

• libraries
• films
• sports facilities
• radio sets
• art exhibitions
• worker welfare

Question 17

how many members of the OND were there by 1939?

Answer 17

4 million

Question 18

how many members of the OND were there in 1926?

Answer 18

300,000

Question 19

when did Italy win the World Cup?

Answer 19

1934 and 1938

Question 20

was the OND successful for M?

Answer 20

it was never used for indoctrination or direct promotion of fascism

instead it was successful in garnering support for M

Question 21

when was the OND created?

Answer 21

1925

Question 22

how did the OND help in times of depression?

Answer 22

gave workers wage reductions

Question 23

what were M’s aims for press censorship

Answer 23

he wanted Italy to be seen as a country with NO weaknesses or social problems

he didn’t want the Italian people seeing the truth of his oppressive regime

Question 24

what did the decrees in 1926 do to the press?

Answer 24

prefects could now confiscate newspapers and journals which contained anti-fascist material

they could replace editors and shut down newspapers

Question 25

what happened to Avanti?

Answer 25

it was shut down

Question 26

what were all journalists put into?

Answer 26

a Fascist union which could control access to jobs and promotions and ensured that ONLY pro-fascist material was being released

Question 27

what was the newspaper of the PNF?

Answer 27

il Popolo d’Italia

Question 28

was il Popolo d’Italia successful?

Answer 28

it sold less copies than the Vatican newspaper

showed that M was just looking for more control over what was published

Question 29

what was played on radios?

Answer 29

music for most of the day but 2 hours of official broadcasts every day

M’s speeches were broadcasted on the radio

Question 30

what was the DGC?

Answer 30

General Directorate of Cinema

set up to regulate cinema

Question 31

what were the restrictions on film makers?

Answer 31

they could not criticise the fascist regime in their movies but had freedom to do anything else

Question 32

was censorship successful?

Answer 32

YES

M had managed to portray Italy as a safe nation with a good social quality

by scaring editors into submission there was no chance of anti-fascist material circulating in media

Question 33

how many registered radio sets in 1938?

Answer 33

over a million

Question 34

examples of Italian films

Answer 34

Luciana Serra

Siege of Alcazar

Question 35

what did M hope to achieve through propaganda?

Answer 35

he wanted it to promote fascism and M as its leader

he wanted to create a sense of patriotism

Question 36

who did M want to look like?

Answer 36

Augustus Caesar of the Roman Empire

Question 37

how did M use the past of Ancient Rome?

Answer 37

• cult of Ancient Rome was popularised to remind Italians that they are the heirs to the Romans
• medieval buildings were destroyed

Question 38

when was the Ministry of Popular Culture formed?

Answer 38

originally Ministry of Press in 1935

Question 39

what made propaganda difficult to reach for Southern Italians?

Answer 39

due to the north-south divide, media technology was hard to access in the south so there was a lack of adoption of fascism in the south

Question 40

what did propaganda portray M as?

Answer 40

• epitome of masculinity
• prefect role model
• pure fascist
• saviour of Italy

Question 41

what was never shown about M to the media?

Answer 41

his age and the fact that he wears glasses

Question 42

how many pictures of M were circulated?

Answer 42

30 million