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italy old > Collapse of Fascist Italy 1940-45 > Flashcards

Collapse of Fascist Italy 1940-45 Flashcards

1
Q

what were the 4 key antifascist groups?

A
  • actionists
  • communists
  • socialists
  • catholics
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2
Q

how many Italian workers were in wartime production?

A

6 million

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3
Q

why were working conditions bad?

A
  • longer shifts
  • bombing raids
  • rationing
  • food shortages
  • growing black marker
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4
Q

when was the a wave of industrial strikes?

A

March 1943 in Turin

100,000 workers

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5
Q

who ran the strikes of March 1943?

A

the PCI

however small fraction were actually involved

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6
Q

what were the demands of the strikers?

A
  • more food
  • better conditions
  • an end to the war
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7
Q

what did the protests show about Mussolini’s position in power?

A

they showed that Italians hated the war and that many had lost faith in Fascism and with M

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8
Q

examples of Italian anti-war slogans

A

AGAINST THE 12-HOUR DAY ANS AGAINST THIS DAMNED WAR

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9
Q

how many Italians were lost at Stalingrad?

A

200,000

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10
Q

what sprouted anti-German feeling amongst the Italians?

A
  • 200,000 lost at Stalingrad fighting for the Germans

- the loss of skilled workers to the Germans

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11
Q

when were Italy close to defeat and why?

A

July 1943

Allies had landed in Sicily
the Germans had pulled out of North Africa

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12
Q

who did M blame for Italy’s military losses?

A
  • his Generals

- Hitler

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13
Q

what was a ‘coup from above’?

A

M was removed by the King (who is above him)

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14
Q

when did M call a meeting of the Fascist Grand Council?

A

24 July 1943

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15
Q

why did M call a meeting of the Fascist Grand Council?

A

he believed he could reinforce his authority by bullying the fascist leaders to support him

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16
Q

who plotted against M?

A

Grandi
Bottai
Ciano

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17
Q

what did Grandi’s resolution state?

A

immediate restoration of all state functions

return to constitutional law with the King retrieving his powers and the government returning

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18
Q

what was the result of Grandi’s resolution?

A

19 votes to 7

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19
Q

when did M go to visit the King?

A

25 July 1943

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20
Q

what decision did the King make?

A

he decided to dismiss M immediately and replace him with Badoglio

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21
Q

what happened to M?

A

was arrested, put into an ambulance and taken to prison

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22
Q

what did Grandi thought would happen after M’s dismissal?

A

he thought that Fascism would carry on however the Italian people went completely against Fascism

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23
Q

what decision did Hitler make once he heard of M’s arrest?

A

he planned for a German occupation of Italy and the arrest of both the King and Badoglio

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24
Q

when did the Germans take Rome?

A

8 September 1943

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25
Q

what did the King call M?

A

‘the most hated man in Italy’

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26
Q

how many troops did Badoglio promise the allies?

A

60,000

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27
Q

which German commander took control over Northern Italy?

A

Field Marshal Albert Kesselring

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28
Q

when was the armistice signed with allies?

A

3 September 1943

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29
Q

when did the King leave Rome?

A

9 September 1943

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30
Q

how long did it take Kesselring to take Rome?

A

48 hours

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31
Q

when did M escape prison?

A

12 September 1943

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32
Q

where was M’s prison?

A

at a ski resort in the Gran Sasso mountains

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33
Q

what was the operation to rescue M called and who carried it out?

A

Operation Oak

carried out by German commandos led by Otto Skorzeny

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34
Q

what did M say to Hitler after being rescued?

A

‘i am ready to receive my orders’

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35
Q

what ultimatum did Hitler give M?

A

he threatened to destroy Genoa, Milan and Turin if he did accept to run a republic in the north

36
Q

what happened at Kefalonia in September 1943?

A

the island of Kefalonia had 12,000 Italian troops alongside German troops

once the armistice was announced the Italian troops decided to resist the Germans on the island

the Germans replied with force and forced the Italians to surrender on 22 September 1943

37
Q

how many Italian soldiers were shot for treason by the Germans?

A

5,000

38
Q

what was the nation in the south of Italy called?

A

Kingdom of the South

39
Q

what criminal organisation had now returned to Italy after M was deposed?

A

the Mafia

M had done a good job at suppressing them but now that he was gone they returned

40
Q

when was Naples liberated?

A

October 1943

41
Q

when was Rome liberated?

A

June 1944

42
Q

what was M’s nation in the north called?

A

The Salo Republic

the RSI

43
Q

where were most of the RSI’s govt offices based?

A

Lake Garda

44
Q

where did M live in the RSI?

A

in Gardone

45
Q

where did M want the RSI to be based and why did Hitler not allow this?

A

he wanted Milan to be the base but Hitler insisted that Milan would be susceptible to bombings

the real reason was that they didn’t want M to gain a large power base

46
Q

how long did the Salo Republic last for?

A

600 days

47
Q

key figures in the RSI?

A
  • Graziani
  • Guidi
  • Pavolina
48
Q

who was the head of the Republican Fascist Party?

A

Allesandro Pavolina

49
Q

what was the Republican Fascist Party?

A

the replacement for the PNF

50
Q

did the RSI have armed forces?

A

yes they had an army, a navy and an air force

they fought alongside the Germans against the allies and anti-fascists

51
Q

by July 1944 how many divisions and men were in the army of the RSI?

A

4 divisions

50,000 men

52
Q

what was the fascist police force called?

A

the GNR

53
Q

what was the Black Brigades?

A

one of many paramilitary groups used to fight against partisans

54
Q

what was a partisan?

A

Italians who aided the allies in their offence against the Germans

55
Q

what were M’s political ideology for the RSI?

A

he wanted to return to his old socialist roots

  • stressed the importance of breaking away from big business
  • adopting radical anti-bourgeois policies
56
Q

how did the RSI contribute to the Final Solution?

A

7500 Jews were collected by Italians and sent to the Germans

57
Q

why was the RSI a puppet state?

A
  • the RSI only controlled part of Italy which made economic life difficult
  • M was a puppet ruler under the control of Hitler
    His villa was under SS guard and he made little public appearances
  • M was no longer an exciting leader
  • the RSI did not stand with the popular opinion of ending the war thus making it an unpopular movement
58
Q

what problem did M suffer from?

A

chronic stomach problems

59
Q

when was the ‘razzia of Rome’?

A

16 November 1943

60
Q

how many Jews were rounded up during the razzia?

A

8,000 Jews

61
Q

what was the role of the Pope in the razzia?

A

some say he helped hide Jews while others say he allowed for the persecution to happen

62
Q

who was the Inspector of Race from March 1944?

A

Preziosi who was a fanatical ant-Semite who orgainsed round ups of Jews in the RSI

63
Q

what was the greatest atrocity committed by the Germans in Italy?

A

the Ardeatine Caves massacre

24 March 1944

ordered by Hitler and carried out by Herbert Kappler

64
Q

how many were killed in the massacre?

A

335 Italians

of which 77 were Jews

65
Q

how many partisans were killed by German forces between 1943-45?

A

9500

66
Q

what was the Verona Manifesto?

A

constitutional plan for the RSI:

  • abolition of the Monarchy
  • Roman Catholicism as state religion
  • continuation of the war
67
Q

when and where did Ciano’s trial happen?

A

Verona

11 January 1944

68
Q

which fascist members were sentenced to death?

A 
Gottarai
De Bono
Marinelli
Poreschi
Ciano

all charged with treason

69
Q

who escaped the death penalty and why?

A

Tullio Cianetti

because he apologised to M after voting to kick him out

70
Q

what did Ciano shout before being shot?

A

LONG LIVE ITALY

71
Q

what was the CLNAI

A

committee of national liberation for northern Italy

an umbrella organisation for all of the partisan groups in the RSI

72
Q

what did the CLNAI do?

A

they were a small force compared to the RSI militia and the German army so they resorted to sabotage and assassinations

73
Q

who were the actionists?

A

middle class Italian opposition led by Bonomi

74
Q

how many partisans were actionists?

A

25,000

75
Q

who were the socialist partisans?

A

members of the old socialist part who were involved in minor resistance to the RSI

76
Q

who were the Catholic partisans?

A

members of the Christian Democrats who were willing to work with leftist ideals

77
Q

how many Catholic partisans were there?

A

20,000

78
Q

who were the Communist partisans?

A

most organised out of the 4

backed by Stalin in Russia who sent Togliatti from exile in Moscow to collaborate with the partisans in Naples

79
Q

how many Communist partisans were there?

A

30,000

80
Q

what was GAP?

A

a communist group

Patriotic Action Group

81
Q

where did GAP operate and how strong were they?

A

in the countryside where they utilised guerrilla warfare

30-50,000 members

82
Q

how many Germans were killed by partisans?

A

5,000

25,000 wounded

83
Q

when did M try to escape Italy?

A

25 April 1945

84
Q

who was M’s mistress who stuck with him to the end?

A

Clara Petacci

85
Q

how was M captured?

A

his convoy was stopped by partisans and he was identified (he was in disguise as a drunk German soldier)
he was then arrested

86
Q

where was M executed?

A

the village of Dongo

he was immediately executed as well as Clara

87
Q

where was M’s body hanged?

A

in Milan at a petrol station

italy old (24 decks)

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