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a&p chapter 4 > Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Solid extracellular protein fibers
  3. Fluid extracellular ground substance
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2
Q

Make up the matrix

A

• The Extracellular Components of Connective

Tissue (Fibers and Ground Substance)

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3
Q
  • Majority of tissue volume

* Determines specialized function

A

Matrix

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4
Q

• Functions of Connective Tissue

A

• Establishing a structural framework for the body
• Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
• Protecting delicate organs
• Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting
other types of tissue
• Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of
triglycerides
• Defending the body from invading microorganisms

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5
Q

• Classification of Connective Tissues

A 
1. Connective tissue proper
• Connect and protect
2. Fluid connective tissues
• Transport
3. Supporting connective tissues
• Structural strength
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6
Q

• Connect and protect (connective tissue)

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
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7
Q

• Transport (connective tissue)

A
  1. Fluid connective tissues
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8
Q

• Structural strength (connective tissue)

A
  1. Supporting connective tissues
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9
Q
  • More ground substance, fewer fibers

* For example, fat (adipose tissue)

A

• Loose connective tissue

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10
Q

Example of • Loose connective tissue

A

fat/adipose tissue

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11
Q
  • More fibers, less ground substance

* For example, tendons

A

• Dense connective tissue

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12
Q

• Dense connective tissue example

A

tendons

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13
Q

Categories of Connective Tissue Proper

A
  1. Loose

2. Connective

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14
Q

Connective Tissue Proper Cell Populations include 9 things. What are these 9 populations called?

A 
Fibroblasts
• Fibrocytes
• Adipocytes
• Mesenchymal cells
• Macrophages
• Mast cells
• Lymphocytes
• Microphages
• Melanocytes
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15
Q
  • The most abundant cell type
  • Found in all connective tissue proper
  • Secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)
A

• Fibroblasts

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16
Q
  • The second most abundant cell type
  • Found in all connective tissue proper
  • Maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper
A

• Fibrocytes

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17
Q
  • Fat cells

* Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet

A

Adipocytes

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18
Q
  • Stem cells that respond to injury or infection

* Differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.

A

• Mesenchymal Cells

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19
Q
  • Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system
  • Eat pathogens and damaged cells
  • Fixed macrophages stay in tissue
  • Free macrophages migrate
A

Macrophages

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20
Q

Stay in the tissue

A

Fixed macrophages

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21
Q

migrate/leave the tissue tissue

A

• Free macrophages

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22
Q

• Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection
• Release histamine and heparin
• Basophils are leukocytes (white blood cells) that also
contain histamine and heparin

A

Mast cells

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23
Q 
are leukocytes (white blood cells) that also
contain histamine and heparin
A

Basophils

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24
Q

• Release histamine and heparin

A

Mast cells

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25
Q

• Specialized immune cells in lymphatic (lymphoid) system

A

• Lymphocytes

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26
Q

lymphocytes may develop into ______ _______ (_______) that produce antibodies

A

plasma cells (plasmocytes)

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27
Q
  • Phagocytic blood cells
  • Respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells
  • For example, neutrophils and eosinophils
A

Microphages

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28
Q

Examples of microphages

A

neutrophils and eosinophils

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29
Q

• Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

A

Melanocytes

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30
Q

The 3 • Connective Tissue Fibers

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
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31
Q
  • Most common fibers in connective tissue proper
  • Long, straight, and unbranched
  • Strong and flexible
  • Resist force in one direction
  • For example, tendons and ligaments
A

Collagen Fibers

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32
Q

Long, straight, and unbranched

A

Collagen Fibers

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33
Q

• Strong and flexible

A

Collagen Fibers &

Reticular Fibers

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34
Q

• Resist force in one direction

A

Collagen Fibers

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35
Q

• For example, tendons and ligaments

A

Collagen Fibers

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36
Q 
• Network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
• Strong and flexible
• Resist force in many directions
• Stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and
structures
• For example, sheaths around organs
A

Reticular Fibers

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37
Q

• Network of interwoven fibers

A

stroma

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38
Q

functional cells are also known as

A

parenchyma

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39
Q

• For example, sheaths around organs

A

Reticular Fibers

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40
Q

• Resist force in many directions

A

Reticular Fibers

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41
Q
  • Contain elastin
  • Branched and wavy
  • Return to original length after stretching
  • For example, elastic ligaments of vertebrae
A

• Elastic Fibers

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42
Q

• Branched and wavy

A

Elastic Fibers

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43
Q

• Return to original length after stretching

A

Elastic Fibers

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44
Q

• For example, elastic ligaments of vertebrae

A

Elastic Fibers

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45
Q

-Is clear, colorless, and viscous
• Fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen
movement

A

• Ground Substance

46
Q

• Fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen

movement

A

• Ground Substance

47
Q 
• Are not found in adults
• Mesenchyme (embryonic stem cells)
---The first connective tissue in embryos
• Mucous connective tissue
---Loose embryonic connective tissue
A

• Embryonic Connective Tissues

48
Q

The first connective tissue in embryos

A

Mesenchyme (embryonic stem cells)

49
Q

Loose embryonic connective tissue

A

Mucous connective tissue

50
Q

• Are not found in adults

A

• Embryonic Connective Tissues

51
Q

• Loose Connective Tissues are the “packing materials” of the body. What are the three types in adults

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
52
Q
  • Least specialized
  • Open framework
  • Viscous ground substance
  • Elastic fibers
  • Holds blood vessels and capillary beds
  • For example, under skin (subcutaneous layer)
A

• Areolar Tissue

53
Q

• For example, under skin (subcutaneous layer)

A

• Areolar Tissue

54
Q

• Least specialized

A

• Areolar Tissue

55
Q

• Open framework

A

• Areolar Tissue

56
Q

• Holds blood vessels and capillary beds

A

• Areolar Tissue

57
Q

• Viscous ground substance

A

• Areolar Tissue

58
Q

Locations of • Areolar Tissue

A 
LOCATIONS: Within and deep to the
dermis of skin, and covered by the
epithelial lining of the digestive,
respiratory, and urinary tracts;
between muscles; around joints,
blood vessels, and nerves
59
Q

Functions of Areolar Tissue

A 
FUNCTIONS: Cushions organs; provides
support but permits independent
movement; phagocytic cells
provide defense against
pathogens
60
Q

• Contains many adipocytes (fat cells)

A

• Adipose Tissue

61
Q

• Two types of adipose tissue

A
  1. White fat

2. Brown fat

62
Q
  • Most common
  • Stores fat
  • Absorbs shocks
  • Slows heat loss (insulation)
A

• White fat

63
Q

• More vascularized
• Adipocytes have many mitochondria
• When stimulated by nervous system, fat breakdown
accelerates, releasing energy that will be absorbed
by surrounding tissues

A

• Brown fat

64
Q

• Adipocytes in adults do not divide. Instead they:

A
  • Adipocytes in adults• Expand to store fat

* Shrink as fats are released do not divide

65
Q

• Mesenchymal cells divide and differentiate. Why?

A

To produce more fat cells

• When more storage is needed

66
Q

Adipose cells are either:

A

Adipocytes or Mesenchymal cells

67
Q

Locations of Adipose Tissue

A

LOCATIONS: Deep to the skin,
especially at sides, buttocks,
and breasts; padding around
eyes and kidneys

68
Q

Functions of adipose tissue

A 
FUNCTIONS: Provides
padding and cushions
shocks; insulates
(reduces heat loss);
stores energy
69
Q 
• Provides support
• Complex, three-dimensional network
• Supportive fibers (stroma)
---Support functional cells (parenchyma)
• Reticular organs
----Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
A

• Reticular Tissue

70
Q

support functional cells (in reticular tissue)

A

parenchyma

71
Q

Supportive fibers(in reticular tissue)

72
Q

Examples are —-Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

A

Reticular tissue

73
Q

Locations of reticular tissue

A

LOCATIONS: Liver, kidney, spleen,

lymph nodes, and bone marrow

74
Q

Functions of reticular tissue

A

FUNCTIONS: Provides supporting

framework

75
Q

proper, tightly packed with high

numbers of collagen or elastic fibers are what kind of tissues?

A

• Dense Connective Tissues

76
Q

Kinds of dense connective tissues

A
  • Dense regular connective tissue
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Elastic tissue
77
Q

• Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

A

• Dense Regular Connective Tissue

78
Q

attach muscles to bones

79
Q

connect bone to bone and stabilize

organs

80
Q

attach in sheets to large, flat

muscles

A

• Aponeuroses

81
Q

Locations of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A 
LOCATIONS: Between skeletal
muscles and skeleton (tendons
and aponeuroses); between
bones or stabilizing positions
of internal organs (ligaments);
covering skeletal muscles;
deep fasciae
82
Q

Functions of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A 
FUNCTIONS: Provides
firm attachment; conducts
pull of muscles; reduces
friction between muscles;
stabilizes positions
of bones
83
Q 
• Interwoven networks of collagen fibers
• Layered in skin
• Around cartilages (perichondrium)
• Around bones (periosteum)
• Form capsules around some organs (e.g., liver,
kidneys)
A

• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

84
Q

• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Around cartilages

A

perichondrium

85
Q

• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Around bones

A

periosteum

86
Q

• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Form _______ around some organs (eg. _______, _________)

A

capsules

liver, kidneys

87
Q

Locations of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

LOCATIONS: Capsules of
visceral organs; periostea
and perichondria; nerve
and muscle sheaths; dermis

88
Q

Functions of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A 
FUNCTIONS: Provides
strength to resist forces
from many directions;
helps prevent
overexpansion of
organs, such as
the urinary bladder
89
Q

• Made of elastic fibers

A

• Elastic Tissue

90
Q

• For example, elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae

A

• Elastic Tissue

91
Q

Locations of Elastic Tissues

A 
LOCATIONS: Between vertebrae
of the spinal column (ligamentum
flavum and ligamentum nuchae);
ligaments supporting penis;
ligaments supporting transitional
epithelia; in blood vessel walls
92
Q

Functions of Elastic Tissues

A 
FUNCTIONS: Stabilizes
positions of vertebrae and
penis; cushions shocks;
permits expansion and
contraction of organs
93
Q

• Blood and lymph are what kinds of tissues?

A

• Fluid Connective Tissues

94
Q
  • Watery matrix of dissolved proteins
  • Carry specific cell types (formed elements)
    • Formed elements of blood
      • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
      • White blood cells (leukocytes)
      • Platelets
A

Blood and lymph

95
Q

Red blood cells are also known as

A

erythrocytes

96
Q

White blood cells are also known as

A

leukocytes

97
Q

Elements of blood

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets

98
Q

• Fluid Elements of Connective Tissues extracellular are:

A
  • Plasma
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Lymph
99
Q 
are responsible
for the transport of
oxygen (and, to a lesser
degree, of carbon dioxide)
in the blood.
A

Red blood cells, or

erythrocytes

100
Q

account for about
half the volume of
whole blood and
give blood its color.

A

red blood cells

101
Q

help defend the

body from infection and disease.

A

White blood cells or leukocytes

102
Q 
are phagocytes
similar to the
free macrophages
in
other tissues.
103
Q 
are
uncommon in the blood
but they are the dominant
cell type in lymph, the
second type of fluid
connective tissue.
A

Lymphocytes

104
Q

are phagocytes.

A

Eosinophils and neutrophils

105
Q

promote inflammation
much like mast cells
in other connective tissues.

106
Q 
are
membrane-enclosed
packets of cytoplasm
that function in blood
clotting.
107
Q 
These cell fragments
are involved in the
clotting response that
seals leaks in damaged
or broken blood
vessels.
108
Q

• Lymph’s Extracellular fluid

A
  • Collected from interstitial space
  • Monitored by immune system
  • Transported by lymphatic (lymphoid) system
  • Returned to venous system
109
Q

Fluid Tissue Transport Systems include

A

–Cardiovascular system (blood) and

• Lymphatic (lymphoid) system (lymph)

110
Q

• Cardiovascular system (blood) includes

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
111
Q

• Lymphatic (lymphoid) system (lymph) includes

A

Lymphatic vessels

a&p chapter 4 (9 decks)

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