Connective Tissues Flashcards by user delete

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

Specialized cells
Solid extracellular protein fibers
Fluid extracellular ground substance

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Make up the matrix

• The Extracellular Components of Connective

Tissue (Fibers and Ground Substance)

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Majority of tissue volume

* Determines specialized function

Matrix

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• Functions of Connective Tissue

• Establishing a structural framework for the body
• Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
• Protecting delicate organs
• Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting
other types of tissue
• Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of
triglycerides
• Defending the body from invading microorganisms

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• Classification of Connective Tissues

1. Connective tissue proper
• Connect and protect
2. Fluid connective tissues
• Transport
3. Supporting connective tissues
• Structural strength

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• Connect and protect (connective tissue)

Connective tissue proper

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• Transport (connective tissue)

Fluid connective tissues

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• Structural strength (connective tissue)

Supporting connective tissues

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More ground substance, fewer fibers

* For example, fat (adipose tissue)

• Loose connective tissue

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Example of • Loose connective tissue

fat/adipose tissue

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More fibers, less ground substance

* For example, tendons

• Dense connective tissue

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• Dense connective tissue example

tendons

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Categories of Connective Tissue Proper

Loose

2. Connective

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Connective Tissue Proper Cell Populations include 9 things. What are these 9 populations called?

Fibroblasts
• Fibrocytes
• Adipocytes
• Mesenchymal cells
• Macrophages
• Mast cells
• Lymphocytes
• Microphages
• Melanocytes

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The most abundant cell type
Found in all connective tissue proper
Secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)

• Fibroblasts

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The second most abundant cell type
Found in all connective tissue proper
Maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper

• Fibrocytes

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Fat cells

* Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet

Adipocytes

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Stem cells that respond to injury or infection

* Differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.

• Mesenchymal Cells

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Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system
Eat pathogens and damaged cells
Fixed macrophages stay in tissue
Free macrophages migrate

Macrophages

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Stay in the tissue

Fixed macrophages

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migrate/leave the tissue tissue

• Free macrophages

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• Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection
• Release histamine and heparin
• Basophils are leukocytes (white blood cells) that also
contain histamine and heparin

Mast cells

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are leukocytes (white blood cells) that also
contain histamine and heparin

Basophils

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• Release histamine and heparin

Mast cells

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• Specialized immune cells in lymphatic (lymphoid) system

• Lymphocytes

lymphocytes may develop into ______ _______ (_______) that produce antibodies

plasma cells (plasmocytes)

* Phagocytic blood cells * Respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells * For example, neutrophils and eosinophils

Microphages

Examples of microphages

neutrophils and eosinophils

• Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

Melanocytes

The 3 • Connective Tissue Fibers

1. Collagen fibers 2. Reticular fibers 3. Elastic fibers

* Most common fibers in connective tissue proper * Long, straight, and unbranched * Strong and flexible * Resist force in one direction * For example, tendons and ligaments

Collagen Fibers

Long, straight, and unbranched

Collagen Fibers

• Strong and flexible

Collagen Fibers & | Reticular Fibers

• Resist force in one direction

Collagen Fibers

• For example, tendons and ligaments

Collagen Fibers

``` • Network of interwoven fibers (stroma) • Strong and flexible • Resist force in many directions • Stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures • For example, sheaths around organs ```

Reticular Fibers

• Network of interwoven fibers

stroma

functional cells are also known as

parenchyma

• For example, sheaths around organs

Reticular Fibers

• Resist force in many directions

Reticular Fibers

* Contain elastin * Branched and wavy * Return to original length after stretching * For example, elastic ligaments of vertebrae

• Elastic Fibers

• Branched and wavy

Elastic Fibers

• Return to original length after stretching

Elastic Fibers

• For example, elastic ligaments of vertebrae

Elastic Fibers

-Is clear, colorless, and viscous • Fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement

• Ground Substance

• Fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen | movement

• Ground Substance

``` • Are not found in adults • Mesenchyme (embryonic stem cells) ---The first connective tissue in embryos • Mucous connective tissue ---Loose embryonic connective tissue ```

• Embryonic Connective Tissues

The first connective tissue in embryos

Mesenchyme (embryonic stem cells)

Loose embryonic connective tissue

Mucous connective tissue

• Are not found in adults

• Embryonic Connective Tissues

• Loose Connective Tissues are the “packing materials” of the body. What are the three types in adults

1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular

* Least specialized * Open framework * Viscous ground substance * Elastic fibers * Holds blood vessels and capillary beds * For example, under skin (subcutaneous layer)

• Areolar Tissue

• For example, under skin (subcutaneous layer)

• Areolar Tissue

• Least specialized

• Areolar Tissue

• Open framework

• Areolar Tissue

• Holds blood vessels and capillary beds

• Areolar Tissue

• Viscous ground substance

• Areolar Tissue

Locations of • Areolar Tissue

``` LOCATIONS: Within and deep to the dermis of skin, and covered by the epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; between muscles; around joints, blood vessels, and nerves ```

Functions of Areolar Tissue

``` FUNCTIONS: Cushions organs; provides support but permits independent movement; phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens ```

• Contains many adipocytes (fat cells)

• Adipose Tissue

• Two types of adipose tissue

1. White fat | 2. Brown fat

* Most common * Stores fat * Absorbs shocks * Slows heat loss (insulation)

• White fat

• More vascularized • Adipocytes have many mitochondria • When stimulated by nervous system, fat breakdown accelerates, releasing energy that will be absorbed by surrounding tissues

• Brown fat

• Adipocytes in adults do not divide. Instead they:

* Adipocytes in adults• Expand to store fat | * Shrink as fats are released do not divide

• Mesenchymal cells divide and differentiate. Why?

To produce more fat cells | • When more storage is needed

Adipose cells are either:

Adipocytes or Mesenchymal cells

Locations of Adipose Tissue

LOCATIONS: Deep to the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, and breasts; padding around eyes and kidneys

Functions of adipose tissue

``` FUNCTIONS: Provides padding and cushions shocks; insulates (reduces heat loss); stores energy ```

``` • Provides support • Complex, three-dimensional network • Supportive fibers (stroma) ---Support functional cells (parenchyma) • Reticular organs ----Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow ```

• Reticular Tissue

support functional cells (in reticular tissue)

parenchyma

Supportive fibers(in reticular tissue)

Stroma

Examples are ----Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Reticular tissue

Locations of reticular tissue

LOCATIONS: Liver, kidney, spleen, | lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Functions of reticular tissue

FUNCTIONS: Provides supporting | framework

proper, tightly packed with high | numbers of collagen or elastic fibers are what kind of tissues?

• Dense Connective Tissues

Kinds of dense connective tissues

* Dense regular connective tissue * Dense irregular connective tissue * Elastic tissue

• Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

• Dense Regular Connective Tissue

attach muscles to bones

Tendons

connect bone to bone and stabilize | organs

Ligaments

attach in sheets to large, flat | muscles

• Aponeuroses

Locations of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

``` LOCATIONS: Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons and aponeuroses); between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments); covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae ```

Functions of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

``` FUNCTIONS: Provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes positions of bones ```

``` • Interwoven networks of collagen fibers • Layered in skin • Around cartilages (perichondrium) • Around bones (periosteum) • Form capsules around some organs (e.g., liver, kidneys) ```

• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Around cartilages

perichondrium

• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Around bones

periosteum

• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Form _______ around some organs (eg. _______, _________)

capsules | liver, kidneys

Locations of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

LOCATIONS: Capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis

Functions of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

``` FUNCTIONS: Provides strength to resist forces from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs, such as the urinary bladder ```

• Made of elastic fibers

• Elastic Tissue

• For example, elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae

• Elastic Tissue

Locations of Elastic Tissues

``` LOCATIONS: Between vertebrae of the spinal column (ligamentum flavum and ligamentum nuchae); ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls ```

Functions of Elastic Tissues

``` FUNCTIONS: Stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks; permits expansion and contraction of organs ```

• Blood and lymph are what kinds of tissues?

• Fluid Connective Tissues

* Watery matrix of dissolved proteins * Carry specific cell types (formed elements) * Formed elements of blood * Red blood cells (erythrocytes) * White blood cells (leukocytes) * Platelets

Blood and lymph

Red blood cells are also known as

erythrocytes

White blood cells are also known as

leukocytes

Elements of blood

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets

• Fluid Elements of Connective Tissues extracellular are:

* Plasma * Interstitial fluid * Lymph

``` are responsible for the transport of oxygen (and, to a lesser degree, of carbon dioxide) in the blood. ```

Red blood cells, or | erythrocytes

account for about half the volume of whole blood and give blood its color.

red blood cells

help defend the | body from infection and disease.

White blood cells or leukocytes

``` are phagocytes similar to the free macrophages in other tissues. ```

Monocytes

``` are uncommon in the blood but they are the dominant cell type in lymph, the second type of fluid connective tissue. ```

Lymphocytes

are phagocytes.

Eosinophils and neutrophils

promote inflammation much like mast cells in other connective tissues.

Basophils

``` are membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting. ```

Platelets

``` These cell fragments are involved in the clotting response that seals leaks in damaged or broken blood vessels. ```

Platelets

• Lymph's Extracellular fluid

* Collected from interstitial space * Monitored by immune system * Transported by lymphatic (lymphoid) system * Returned to venous system

Fluid Tissue Transport Systems include

--Cardiovascular system (blood) and | • Lymphatic (lymphoid) system (lymph)

• Cardiovascular system (blood) includes

* Arteries * Capillaries * Veins

• Lymphatic (lymphoid) system (lymph) includes

Lymphatic vessels