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Histology > Connective Tissue (exam 1) > Flashcards

Connective Tissue (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main example in embryonic tissue

A

Wharton’s jelly

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2
Q

What are the major types of adult CT

A

Elastic , reticular, loose, and dense

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3
Q

what type of fibers does loose CT have

A

both collagen and elastic fibers are present and arranged in a very, loose random fracture

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4
Q

What types of fibers make up dense CT

A

Collagen fibers ppredominate
two types
- regular and irregular

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5
Q

What type of fibers make up reticular CT

A

Reticular fibers

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6
Q

What type of fibers make up elastic CT

A

Elastic fibers

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7
Q

where is embryonic CT found and what is it called

A

Umblical cord and in the pulp of developing teeth

wharton’s jelly

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8
Q

What is Wharton’s jelly composed of

A

some collagen and elastic fibers but mostly ECM

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9
Q

Describe the structure of loose CT

A

high ratio of fibroblasts to fibrous components
Type I collagen fibers and elastic fibers
usually found beneath epithelial tissues of most organs, including the tunica adventitia of blood vessels
Contains fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and capillaries

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10
Q

what is the structure of dense regular CT

A

fibroblast nuclei are very elongated and thin
high ratio of bibrous components to fibroblasts
thicker bundles of collagen than in loose CT
highly ordered bundles of collagen separated in single row fibroblasts
found in tendons and ligaments

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11
Q

what is the structure of Dense irregular CT

A

high ratio of fibrous component to fibroblasts
thicker bundles of collagen than in loose CT
has no specific orientation of collagen bundles
found in fascia, subucosa of GI tract, and in dermis of integument

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12
Q

What is the structure of reticular CT

A

A type of dense irregular CT with a predominance of reticular fibers (which like to branch)
Associated primarily with lymphatic tissue

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13
Q

what is the structure of elastic CT

A

A type of dense irregular CT with an abundance of elastic fibers which form discontinuous lamellae
associated with blood vessel

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14
Q

Where are elastic fibers in the blood vessels produced

A

produced by smooth muscle cells rather than fibroblasts

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15
Q

What are the types of special CT

A

Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, and hematopoietic

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16
Q

what are adipocytes

A

Adipocytes are derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and are distinguished by their unique appearance
most are about 150micrometers in diameter
Two types
- white fat
-brown fat

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17
Q

What is white fat reffered to as

A

Unilocular (means that there is a single droplet of oil/fat in the cell)

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18
Q

why are special CT tissues categorized as CT

A

Embryonic development

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19
Q

what are the most common cell types in ECM

A

Fibrocytes and fibroblasts

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20
Q

what are the most abundant fibers of the ECM

A

Collagen fibers

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21
Q

Type I collagen

A

General CT and Bone

fxn: tensile strength

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22
Q

Type II collagen

A

found in hyalin and elastic cartilage

Fxn: tensile strength

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23
Q

Type III collagen

A

Parenchyma of organs and walls of blood vessels

Fxn: reticular framework

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24
Q

Type IV collagen

A

location: basement membrane
FXN: Meshwork, and scaffolding

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25
Q

What is Type I collagen synthesized as

A

Prepropeptide

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26
Q

Describe the synthesis of Type I collagen

A

The (pre) sequence of the Prepropetide is cleaved after translocation into the ER lumen of the fibroblast
after the signal sequence is cleaved, the property (pro collagen) molecule is secreted by the fibroblast into the ECM
-procollagen molecule has a non-helical ends that prevent polymerization to occur
- these ends are cleaved by peptidases in order to allow polymerization
- after the terminal ends are cleaved, the molecule is referred to as tropocollagen

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27
Q

The procollagen molecule has terminal non-helical ends that prevent what

A

Polymerization

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28
Q

what is tropocollagen

A

what is left after peptidases have clipped off the helical terminal ends of procollagen

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29
Q

List the functions of the CT

A

Physically supports other tissues, binds other tissues together , provides structural framework and opposes gravity, create body contours, houses specialized tissues (blood forming tissue, and lymphoid tissues)

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30
Q

Cleaving of the non-helical terminal ends of pro-collagen converting it into tropocollagen occurs when

A

Immediately after secretion

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31
Q

What is ground substance mostly composed of

A

Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

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32
Q

What composes the CT matrix

A 
Scattered cells (mostly fibrocytes and fibroblasts)
protein fibers (most abundant collagen, less abundant reticular and elastic fibers)
Ground substance (which is mostly glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins)
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33
Q

Tropocollagen monomers spontaneously assemble into staggered arrays to form collagen fibers with a characteristic ___ nm banded pattern

A

64 nm

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34
Q

What is the assembled polymer of tropocollagen monomers called

A

Collagen

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35
Q

Describe elastic fiber synthesis

A

Elastin is synthesized as prepropeptide (like collagen)
- The prepropeptide is secreted as propeptide
- propeptide is converted to tropoelastin by extracellular enzymes, also secreted by the fibroblast
- Tropoelastin monomers are assembled into amorphous fibers or sheets with the aid of several types of fibrillins
(Fibrillin-1 and Fibrillin-2)

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36
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant disorder
patients are tall, with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes
(arachnodactyly).
Increased risk of mitral valve prolapse, dilation of the root of the aorta, and aortic dissection
Etiology: Defect in genne encoding the protein fibrillin-1

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37
Q

What are GAGs

A

Large, negatively charged linear polymers (polysaccharides) consisting of repeated disaccharide units

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38
Q

What where GAGs originally referred to as

A

acid mucopolysaccharides

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39
Q

Glycoproteins and GAGs form most of what

A

Ground substance (amorphous substances of CT)

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40
Q

What is the only GAGs to not covalently link to protein and form proteoglycans

A

Hyaluronic acid

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41
Q

what is the largest of the GAGs

A

Hyaluronic acid

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42
Q

Where is Hyaluronic acid found

A

Cartilage, skin, synovial fluid, most general CT, in vitreous body of eye, and Wharton’s jelly

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43
Q

What is the only GAG, which lacks sulfate groups

A

Hyaluronic acid

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44
Q

Hyaluronic acid consists of repeating carbohydrate chains of ________ and ________

A

N-acetylglucosamine, D-glucuronic acid

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45
Q

What is the function of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluids

A

binds readily with water and serves as a lubricant

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46
Q

Where is Heparin and Heparan sulfate found

A

basement membrane, skin, lung, liver, blood vessels, mast cell granules

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47
Q

Heparin and Heparan sulfate repeating units are ____________ and ___________

A

N-Acetylglucosamine, D-Glucuronic acid

48
Q

Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate are found where

A

Cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels, heart valves, and cornea

49
Q

What is the most abundant group of the sulphate GAGs

A

Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulphate

50
Q

What is the repeating unit in Chondroitin Sulphate

A

N-acetylglucosamin and D-glucuronic acid

51
Q

What GAGs have repeating units of N-acetylglucosamin and D-glucuronic acid

A

Heparin, Heparan sulphate, Chondroitin sulfate, Hyaluronic acid

52
Q

What is the most abundant of the GAGs

A

Hyaluronic acid

53
Q

What is the repeating unit in dermatan sulphate

A

N-acetylglucosamine and iduronic acid

54
Q

Where is Type I keratan sulfate found

A

only in the cornea

55
Q

Where is Type II Keratan sulfate found

A

in cartilage and nucleus pulpous of intervertebral disks

56
Q

What is the repeating units in Keratan sulphate

A

N-acetylglucosamine and galactose

57
Q

Name the 4 groups of GAGs

A

Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulphate and dermatan, Heparin and Heparan sulfate, Keratan sulphate

58
Q

Name the GAGs that are found in cartilage

A

Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, Type II Keratan sulphate

59
Q

What are extracellular protein complexes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) called

A

Proteoglycans

60
Q

How are Proteoglycan aggregates formed

A

Axial hyaluronan molecule, core proteins attach to the hyaluronan molecule (hyaluronic acid) by a linker protein, glycosaminoglycans attach to a core protein
- serval chains of GAGs bound to the core protein form a proteoglycan

61
Q

what cells secrete proteoglycans

A

Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, synovial cells, smooth muscle cells (all derived form the primitive mesenchyme)

62
Q

What causes Proteoglycans to stain with conventional disease such as hematoxylin

A

Its sulphate groups

63
Q

Toluidin blue and crystal violet are cationic dyes that are metachromatic when reacting with what groups of the proteoglycan

A

Anionic groups

64
Q

Are proteoglycans polyanions

A

yes

65
Q

What are glycoproteins

A

proteins with one or more heterosaccharide chains containing hexosamine, galactose, and other sugars

66
Q

Are glycoproteins PAS +

A

Yes

67
Q

What are the main characteristics of glycoproteins

A

High protein content and branched carbohydrate moieties

68
Q

What are 3 examples of glycoproteins

A

Fibronectin, Laminin, Chondronectin

69
Q

Fibronectin is a major surface protein of what kind of cells

A

Fibroblasts

70
Q

what are a major surface protein of fibroblasts

A

Fibronectin

71
Q

What synthesizes fibronectin

A

Fibroblasts, epithelia, and endothelia

72
Q

What is the function of fibronectin

A

links cells, collagen, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

73
Q

What is plasma fibronectin called

A

cold -insoluble globulin or plasma fibronectin

74
Q

Fibronectin occurs in _____ of platelets

A

Alpha granules

75
Q

What is the function of chondronectin

A

Promotes adhesion of mature chondrocytes to collagenous substrates

76
Q

Where is chondronectin found

A

It is found isolated from cartilage

77
Q

Where is laminin found

A

in basal laminae (component of lamina rara)

78
Q

what is the function of laminin in the basal laminae

A

Involved in the attachment of epithelial cells to the lamina propria

79
Q

Is Laminin a non-collagenous glycoprotein

A

Yes

80
Q

What are the principle cell types in CT

A

Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes

81
Q

What are the function of fibroblasts and fibrocytes

A

secretion and maintenance of CT matrix
secretion of precursor fibrous molecules
secretion of the amorphous components of the matrix including the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

82
Q

List some common types of cells that are found in CT other than fibroblast/fibrocytes

A

Macrophages, Mast Cells, Plasma Cells

83
Q

What is the structural difference of macrophages

A

Wandering macrophages are somewhat oval in shape

fixed macrophages are more irregular in shape with long processes

84
Q

What is the structure of a macrophages nucleus

A

Ovoid or indented heterochromatic

85
Q

what is the size of a macrophage

A

10-30nm

86
Q

what is the type of movement that macrophages are capable of using

A

Amoeboid

87
Q

What cells are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system (originally called the reticular activating system -RAS)

A

Macrophages

88
Q

what are giant cells in terms of macrophages

A

macrophages that have fused together to from a large multinucleate phagocyte

89
Q

Discuss the organelle structures of macrophages

A

Extensive Golgi, rER, SER , Mitochondria , secretory vesicles, and lysosomes

90
Q

where are macrophages found

A

wandering in blood (monocytes)
CT (histiocytes)
Liver sinusoids (Kupffer Cells)
Sinusoids of Spleen, Lymph nodes, bone marrow (perialveolar macrophages),
Alveoli of lungs (dust cells)
CNS (microglia)
Associated with bone reabsorption (osteoclasts)

91
Q

Monocytes

A

undifferentiated macrophages, are not phagocytic

92
Q

Histiocytes

A

Macrophages found in CT

93
Q

Kupffer Cells

A

Macrophages in Liver Sinusoids

94
Q

Perialveolar macrophages

A

Macrophages in Sinusoids of spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

95
Q

Dust cells

A

Macrophages in the Alveoli of lungs

96
Q

Microglia

A

Macrophages of CNS

97
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Macrophages associated with bone reabsorption

98
Q

Structure of Mast cells

A

Irregularly Oval in outline
Small spherical/ovoid nuclei often masked by membrane bound granules
Stain with toluidine blue
large metachromatic granules with histamine, ECF-A, SRS-A, and Heparin

99
Q

What is ECF-A

A

Eosinophil chemotactic factor
in large metachromatic granules of Mast Cells
fxn: attracts eosinophils and neutrophils

100
Q

What is SRS-A

A

Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
found in in large metachromatic granules of Mast Cells
fxn: similar to histamine but has more sustained effect

101
Q

What is Heparin in mast cells

A

Heparin form mast cells is a poor anticoagulant and is probably involved in helping clear plasma lipids
found in in large metachromatic granules of Mast Cells

102
Q

How are mast cells involved in hypersensitivities to allergens

A 
lead to 
Edema
shock 
pain
hyper-coagulation
fever
103
Q

What do the membranes of Mast cells release

A

Leukotrienes

104
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

in all mucosal surfaces and in CT

found near small blood vessels, which are a target of histamine and SRS-A

105
Q

Where are mast cells absent

A

The spleen

106
Q

What is the target for histamine and SRS-A

A

Blood vessels

107
Q

What are activated B lymphocytes called

A

Plasma Cells

108
Q

Are plasma cells bigger or smaller than B lymphocytes

A

Bigger

109
Q

Describe the appearance of plasma cells

A

Large pale nuclei with “clock-face”distribution of heterochromatin
- spherical and typically offset

110
Q

Describe some organelle characteristics of plasma cells

A

Prominent Golgi and extensive RER

111
Q

Where are plasma cells rarely found

A

in CT

112
Q

Where are plasma cells frequently found

A

serous membranes, lymphoid tissue, and lamina propria of gut tract

113
Q

What is the typical diameter of a lymphocyte

A

6-8 micrometers

114
Q

Where are lymphocytes numerous in numbers

A

in lamina propria of respiratory and GI tract

115
Q

What is the characterizing structure of lymphocytes

A

Relatively large, heterochromatic nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm

Histology (10 decks)

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