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Histopathology > Connective Tissue and Bone > Flashcards

Connective Tissue and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Loose Connective Tissue:
  • Fibrous Connective Tissue
  • Bone
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Blood
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2
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Cell Type:
- fibroblast
- chondroblast
- osteoblast
Extracellular matrix (ECM):
- structural fibers
- collagen fibers
- reticular fibers
- elastic fibers
- specialized proteins - Ground substance

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3
Q

Fibroblasts

A

When activated, they produce and secrete the CT fibers and ground substance
- Repair wounds
- Long, thin dark lines under (inactive) to purple multi-nucleated ovals

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4
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Phagocytes - scavenging cells
  • Indented, bean shaped nuclei
  • EM - evidence of phagocytic activity
  • abundant rER, sER, golgi, and lysosomes
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5
Q

Other Connective Tissue (CT) cells

A

Leukocytes (WBCs):
- lymphocytes
- mast cells, plasma cells, basophils
- Natural Killer Cells
Adipocytes:
- shown as white
- accumulate fat
- make up adipose tissue

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6
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A

Collagen Fibers (most abundant):
- flexible, high tensile strength
- Type I collagen - collagen fibrils
Elastic fibers (thinner):
- composed of elastin and fibrillin
Reticular Fibers (Type III collagen):
- Found at interface of connective tissues and epithelium
- Indicate tissue maturity - wound healing

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7
Q

Collagen Fiber

A
  • microscopic ropes
  • transmit tension
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8
Q

Elastin fibers

A

cross-linked

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9
Q

Connective Tissue Ground Substance

A
  • Gel-like extracellular matrix
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): very negative charged long chains of sugar that attract water generating the gel
  • Hyaluronic acid: rigid, >1000 sugar long chain which binds to proteogylcan aggregates:
    • abundant in cartilage
    • shock absorbing
    • binds to growth factor and signaling molecules
  • Proteoglycans (large macromolecules composed of a core protein) link to GAGs
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10
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Connective Tissue Proper:
- loose connective tissue
- dense connective tissue (regular or irregular)
Specialized connective tissue:
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
- hemopoietic tissue
- lymphatic tissue

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11
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • Cellular connective tissue with few collagen and elastin fibers
  • “ground substance” - specialized medium for diffusion - nutrient O2, CO2
  • Locate beneath the surface of almost all of the bodies epithelium
  • Cell Types: fibroblasts (flat nuclei), macrophages (bean-shaped), adipocytes, other immune cells: lymphocytes (round nuclei)
  • Where blood vessels and nerves go through to get to organs
    Location: intestines, lamina appropri
  • sites of inflammation (influx of cells to fight)
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12
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A
  • Reduced # of cells (fibroblasts)
  • abundant thick irregularly arranged collagen fibers
  • Found in regions of stretch
  • Resistant to tearing and excessive stretching
  • Found in mammary glands
    Microscope:
    vein and capillary: circle with red
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13
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Found in tendons (have tendinocytes) (muscle-bone) and ligaments (bone-bone)
- few cells - mostly fibroblasts
- collagen fibers arranged in parallel

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14
Q

Tendonitis

A
  • disordered collagen arrangement
  • increased proteoglycan ground substance
  • neovascularization: formation of new microvascular systems, increased blood flow, inflammation
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15
Q

Tendons

A

Has tendinocytes
- Epitendinium: connective tissue capsule surrounding
- Endotendinium: subdivides tendon into fascicles (containing vasculature)

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16
Q

Ligaments

A
  • Similar to tendons but more flexible
  • Abundant Elastic fibers
  • vertebrae - resist stress
  • anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): commonly torn
  • nuclei look more round
17
Q

Hyalin Cartilage

A

Lacunae: Spaces containing chondrocytes
- Function: low friction surface and lubricates synovial joints absorbs weight
- Composed:
- Collagen Type II
- Proteoglycans (hyaluronan)
- Multi-adhesive glycoprotein
- Pre-cursor of bone during fetal development
- surrounded by perichondrium
Locations: trachea

18
Q

Hyaline Cartilage pt 2

A
  • Site of bone growth in long bones
  • growing cartilage is replaced by bone (endochondral ossification)
  • in adults, only found on articular surfaces of joints: articular cartilage
  • rib cage: costal cartilage
  • also found on: larynx, trachea, and bronchi
19
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Found at articulations between bones or at the end of the long bone
Superficial zone:
- no perichondrium
- pressure-resistant
- flat chondrocytes
Intermediate, deep:
- developing and migrating chondrocytes
Tide marks: separates proliferative chondrocytes from calcified ones

20
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • Similar to hyaline cartilage
  • contains abundant sheets of elastic fibers
  • surrounded by perichondrium
    Found:
    • external ear, parts of the middle ear and eustachian tube, and epiglottis
21
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Combination of dense regular connective tissue (DRCT) and hyaline cartilage
- no pericondrium
- clusters of chondrocytes
- isogeneous group
- Found in: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee
- specialized for compression

22
Q

Bone

A

A connective tissue
Cells:
- osteocytes: housed in lacaunae and extend processes through tunnels called canaliculi
- osteoblasts: secretes extracellular matrix until it is surrounded - then becomes osteocyte
- osteoclasts: bone-reabsorbing cells
Extracellular Matrix:
- mineralized: hydroxyapatite crystals
- calcium phosphate

23
Q

Bone Structure

A

compact and spongey bone
canaliculi: tunnels of cytoplasm from the osteocytes, continuous with vessels at Haversian Canal

24
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Multinucleated and large, actively remove bone by sitting directly on top of reabsorbing bone (resorption bay)

25
Q

Bone Formation

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondrial ossification
- osteoclasts remodel both

26
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

flatter bones, not for movement
- mesenchymal cells
- formed outer parts of long bones (hard and compact)
- typically during fetal development

27
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

a cartilage “model” is formed first which then grows and becomes calcified
- hyaline cartilage -> bone (matrix becomes dark with calcium)
- lengthens and widens during growth

28
Q

Growth of long bone

A

Fetal to adult lift:
- zone of reserve cartilage: no proliferation or matrix production
- zone of proliferation: cell division and organization into columns. larger cells
- Zone of hypertrophy: largest cells and very metabolically active, secreting matrix
- Zone of calcified cartilage: chondrocytes die and the cartilage matrix calcifies
- Zone of resorption: Vessels extend into calcified region introducing osteoblast progenitors for bone production

29
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Fetal to adult life:
Zone of proliferation equals that of the zone of resorption to allow for constant epiphyseal growth plate

Histopathology (7 decks)

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