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Histopathology > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

Week 6

1
Q

General structure of vasculature

A

Artery -> arteriole -> capillaries -> venule -> vein

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2
Q

Arteries

A

Pulsatory flow, elastic

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3
Q

General structure of vessels

A
  • Tunica Externa (external coat): collagen + elastic fibers
  • Tunica Media (middle coat): smooth muscle cell
  • Tunica Intima (inner coat): internal elastic membrane, connective tissue, endothelial cells, lumen
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4
Q

Longitudinal vs circular muscle

A

Longitudinal: vein
Circular: all other vasculature

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5
Q

Tunica Intima

A
  • Single layer of endothelium
  • Basal lamina: collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
  • subendothelial layer: loose connective tissue
    Large arteries/veins: may contain smooth muscle bundles
    Arteries/arterioles: internal elastic membrane
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6
Q

Vascular endothelium

A
  • Selective barrier
  • Non-thrombogenic barrier
    • releases anti-coagulants
  • modulation of blood flow/resistance
  • regulates immune response
  • synthesis and secretion of hormones
    • stem cell growth factors
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7
Q

Vascular endothelium

A

Weibel-Palade bodies: electron dense organelles that contain:
- von Willebrand factor: released during injury to promote clooting
- P-selectin: adhesion molecule for neutrophils

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8
Q

Subendothelial layer and internal elastic membrane

A
  • main cell type: smooth muscle
  • separated from tunica media by an internal elastic membrane
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9
Q

Subendothelial layer and internal elastic membrane

A
  • Main cell type: smooth muscle
  • separated from tunica media by an internal elastic membrane
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10
Q

Tunica Media

A
  • Primarily consists of smooth muscle, circumferentially arranged
  • smooth muscle cells produce varying amounts of elastin, reticular fibers and proteoglycans
  • External elastic membrane (only in elastic arteries): elastin
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11
Q

Vascular endothelium and blood flow - RELAXATION

A

communication between endothelium and tunica media
Responds to: shear stress and metabolic stress

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12
Q

Vascular endothelium and blood flow - CONTRACTION

A

Responds to: hormones, clotting factors, reduced NO

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13
Q

Tunica Adventitia (or externa)

A
  • Outer layer of connective tissue
  • Collagen and elastic fibers, merges with overlying connective tissue
  • Vasa vasorum: vessels that supply to large arteries and veins
  • Nervi vasorum: autonomic nerves
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14
Q

Large/Elastic Arteries

A

Size: >10 mm
EX) pulmonary arteries, aorta, and aortic branches (common carotid, brachiocephalic, subclavian)
Functions: conduction tubes
Layers:
1) Tunica Intima
- endothelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle
- subendothelial layer: smooth muscle and elastic fibers
- internal elastic fibers
- prominent internal elastic membrane
2) Tunica Media
- Thickest layer
- elastic lamellae: increase as you age and with BP
- layers of smooth muscle
- each layer of smooth muscle separated by elastic lamellae
3) Tunica Adventitia:
- fibrous + loose connective tissue
- collagen and elastic fibers
- fibroblasts and macrophages
- Vasa vasorum

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15
Q

Medium/Muscular Arteries

A

Ex) arteries of upper limb and thorax: axillary artery
- Size: 2-10 mm
- Smooth muscle is the predominant component of the media
- Prominent internal elastic membrane
Layers:
1) Tunica Intima
- endothelium with sparse basal lamina
- internal elastic membrane appears wavy because of smooth muscle contractions
2) Tunica Media
- smooth muscle - maintains BP
3) Tunica Adventitia
- Collagen and elastic fibers
- fibroblasts and macrophages
- external elastic membrane

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16
Q

Arteriole/Small Artery

A

Small Artery:
- internal elastic membrane (IEM)
- media: 3-8 layers of smooth muscle
- adventitia: thin, few elastic fibers
Arteriole:
- No internal elastic membrane
- Media: 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
- Adventitia: non-discrete connective tissue

17
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Specialized for nutrient + gas exchange
  • single endothelial layer with basal lamina
  • Continuous capillaries:
    • muscle, lung, and CNS
    • pericytes: contractile support cells surrounding the endothelium
  • Fenestrated capillaries: digestive tract, kidney
  • Sinusoid capillaries: Liver, spleen bone marrow
18
Q

Pericytes

A
  • Surround capillaries and are enclosed in the same basal lamina as the endothelial cells
  • Contractile in nature and may modulate blood flow (specifically in the brain)
  • Branching cytoplasm
19
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • Typically found in connective tissue, cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle, skin, lungs, and the CNS
  • Uninterrupted endothelium sitting on continuous basal lamina
20
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A
  • Endothelial cells with characteristic fenestrations (openings or holes in the cytoplasm)
  • Endocrine glands, gallbladder, kidney pancreas, intestinal tract
21
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries

A
  • Larger in diameter and more irregularly shaped
  • Endothelial cells have large openings in their cytoplasm
  • Liver, spleen, and bone marrow
22
Q

Venule

A

Post-capillary
- endothelium, basal lamina, pericytes
Muscular
- located just past post-capillary
- 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media

23
Q

Medium Veins

A

Ex) basilic vein, cephalic vein
- 1-10 mm
- Contain valves - more prominent in lower limbs: one-way flow
- Tunica Intima: endothelium, basal lamina, thin subendothelial layer with smooth muscle
- Tunica media: much thinner than medium arteries
- Tunica Adventitia: thicker than media

24
Q

Large Veins

A
  • > 10 mm
  • Tunica Intima: endothelium, basal lamina, thin subendothelial layer with smooth muscle
  • Tunica Media: relatively thin
  • Tunica Adventitia: Thickest layer, longitudinal arranged smooth muscle bundles
25
Q

Atherosclerosis progression

A

1) inflammation: injury to vessel wall (oxidized cholesterol, free radical)
2) accumulation of LDLs
3) attraction of monocytes
4) differentiation into macrophages
- foam cells or fat streak
5) atheroma formation: smooth muscle build on plaque
6) fibrous atheroma (hardening)
7) calcium accumulation: hardening

26
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A

Embolus if blood clot breaks from DVT

27
Q

Embolism

A

In arteries or veins of the circulatory system, can result in myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or a pulmonary embolism

Histopathology (13 decks)

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