Blood

Question 1

Plasma

Answer 1

• 90% water
• 10% solutes: proteins, gases, electrolytes, nutrient, and waste
  Proteins:
• albumin: major constituent of plasma – colloid osmotic pressure
  
  • carrier proteins too (hormones)
• Immunoglobulins: Abs (antibodies) secreted by plasma
• Non-immune globulins: hemoblohin
• Fibrinogen: hemostasis

Question 2

Albumin

Answer 2

Major transporter for cholesterol and maintains osmotic balance

Question 3

Blood smear

Answer 3

1) drop blood spread evenly over surface of slide
2) dried + stained
3) erythrocytes most abundant
4) thrombocytes (platelets)
5) leukocytes
- granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- agranulocytes (natural killer cells): lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 4

Erythrocyte structure + function

Answer 4

• Enucleate: lacks nucleus
• Cytoplasm filled with hemoglobin - specialized for O2 delivery and CO2 removal
• stains evenly with eosin
• flexible plasma membrane:
  
  • integral membrane proteins - span the membrane (glycophorin)
  • peripheral membrane proteins - inner surface; lattice or mesh (spectrin)

Question 4

Hereditary Spherocytosis + Elliptocytosis

Answer 4

Spherocytosis: mutation in spectrin
- fatigue
- yellow skin and eyes (jaundice)
- enlarged spleen
- blood smear may show elliptical rbcs
- complete blood count (cbc) may show anemia or signs rbc destruction
- ultrasound of gallbladder may show gallstones

Question 4

hypochromia

Answer 4

RBCs appear pale in smear - anemia

Question 5

Anemia and malaria

Answer 5

• Protozoan parasite: Plasmodium faciparum
• Infectious merozoites - polarized for entering erythrocytes (hide from immune system)

Question 6

Spreading malaria

Answer 6

Parasitophosophorous vacuole: merozoite inside of a vacuole formed by RBC plasma membrane pinching off
- safe from the immune system and other killing enzymes

Question 7

Malaria infected RBCs

Answer 7

• Nodules form from protein-protein interactions
• RBCs become stiff+sticky and can clog vessels

Question 8

Sickle cell disease

Answer 8

• Abnormal hemoglobin that can lead to blocking
  CRISPR CAS9: used to repair stem cells (specifically beta-globin gene)

Question 9

Iron deficiency

Answer 9

• appears paler pink around the edges with a white center
• more flimsy because RBCs get beaten up and break down

Question 10

Polycythemia

Answer 10

• too many circulating RBCs and elevated hematocrit
• primary polycythemia - polycythemia vera
  
  • caused by tumor-like condition of bone marrow: erythropoiesis proceeds at uncontrolled rate
• secondary polycythemia
  
  • erythropoietin-induced adaptive mechanism to improve blood’s oxygen carrying capacity in response to prolonged reduced oxygen delivery to the tissue: occurs normally in people living at high altitudes

Question 11

Polycythemia Vera

Answer 11

Symptoms: discolored skin, blurry vision, headaches, fatigue
V: Looks crazy

Question 12

Thrombocytes

Answer 12

Platelets
- derived from megakaryocytes (blood marrow)
- platelet demarcation channels: invaginations of plasma membrane leads to pinching off of thrombocytes
- LM: foamy cytoplasm indicated platelet formation

Question 13

Thrombocytes

Answer 13

1) Peripheral zone: plasma membrane and glycocalyx functions as receptor during hemostasis
2) Structure zone: microtubules and actin - maintain disc shape
3) Organelle zone: mitochondria and others
- granules contain
- serotonin: vasoconstrictor
- ADP and thromboxane A2: aid aggregation

Question 14

Leukocytes

Answer 14

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 15

Neutrophils

Answer 15

• A type of granulocyte
• polymorphonuclear: multi-lobed nuclei connected by thinner strands
• 3 types of granules:
  
  • specific granules: enzymes, complement activators, and antimicrobial proteins
  • azurophilic granules: lysosomes (larger), contain myeloperoxidase (MPO)
  • tertiary granules: metalloproteinases - aid in neutrophil migration

Question 16

Neutrophil phagocytosis

Answer 16

3 types of receptors:
- Fc: recognizes IgG of opsonized bacterium
- Toll-like receptor: pattern recognition receptors - endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides
- complement receptors: facilitates binding and phagocytosis

Question 17

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia

Answer 17

rare, unknown cause
- elevation of neutropils

Question 18

Neutrophil killing

Answer 18

murderers

Question 19

Eosinophils

Answer 19

• same size as neutrophils
• multi-lobed nucleus with refractory granules (crystal-like)
  Two types of granules:
  1) specific granules: contain crystalloid body:
  
  • major basic protein (MPB- cytotoxic to invading protozoans and helminthes)
  • eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN - disrupts invading organisms nervous system)
    2) azurophilic: lysosomes

Question 20

Basophils

Answer 20

• Same size as neutrophils
• numerous large granules in cytoplasm
• low abundance in blood smear
• multi-lobed nuclear obscured by granules
• Fc receptors with high affinity for IgE concentrated on cell surface
  Two types of granules:
  1) specific granules:
• heparin: anticoagulant
• histamine: dilates vessels
• IL-4: stimulates IgE production
  2) azurophillic: lysozymes

Question 21

Lymphocyte

Answer 21

• Most common type of agranulocyte
• same size as erythrocyte (RBC), enlargens to double when active
• Cannot diff T, B, or natural killer cells using typical microscopy
• Large lymphocytes: activated lymphocytes or NK cells
• Medium: more common than large
• Small: majority of circulating cells
• Kidney bean shaped nucleus
• A few mitochondria
• golgi evident

Question 22

Monocyte

Answer 22

• Largest leukocyte
• bone marrow -> tissues become resident macrophages
  
  • osteoclasts - bone
  • alveolar macrophages - lung
  • Kupfer cells: liver
  • etc
• even more indented nucleus than lymphocytes and larger

Question 23

Bone marrow

Answer 23

• differentiated RBCs mostly
• stem cells anchored to bones
• sinusoid: specialized capillary